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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Apical meristems
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Shoot & Root tips
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Lateral meristems
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Cambium of the stem
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Plants regeneration is
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extensive
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Animals regeneration is
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limited
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Normal growth patterns are
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Sigmoidal
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Growth is
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the irreversible increase in dry mass
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Regulator gene
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Codes for represser molecule to turn off operator gene
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Operator gene
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controls the structural gene
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Structual gene
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codes for B-galactosidase
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Lactose acts as an
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inducer
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phenylketonuria is caused by
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a mutation in the gene converting phenylalanine into tyrosine
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Cells become specialised by
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genes being switched on and off by the cell
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Endocrine glands examples
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Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal + gonads
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Growth is controlled by
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the pituitary gland
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Growth hormone (hGH-somatotrophin) causes
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Increases amino acid uptake, Increasd protein synthesis, Elongation of bone and muscle
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Thyroid Stimulating hormone
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Makes thyroid produce thyroxine which increases metabolic rate and growth
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Indole Acetic Acid stimulates
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cell division, elongation, differentiation, fruit formation
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Too little causes
Too much causes |
leaf abscission
apical dominance |
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Can be used for
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Partheocarpy: fruit develop ment without fertilllisation = seedless fruits
Herbicides + Rooting powder |
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Gibberellic acid affects
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Plant height (elongation internodes) + Breaking of seed dormancy and induction of germination
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produced in
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Embryo
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Aleurone layer produces
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Alpha-amylase
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Macro elements are
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Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Magnesium
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Lack of Nitrogen
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Red leaf bases, stunted growth
chlorotic leaves , long thin roots |
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Lack of phosphorus
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Red leaf bases, stunted grown, dark purple undersides, poor developed roots
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Lack of potassium
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Stunted growth, premature death
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Lack of Magnesium
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Stunted growth, chlorotic leaves
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Iron is needed for
+ deficiency causes |
Haemoglobin and Cytochromes
+ anaemia |
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Calcium is needed for
+ deficiency causes |
Calcifying bones (hardening)
+ Rickets |
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Vitamin D is needed for
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absorption of calcium through small intestine
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Effects of alchohol on foetal development
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Retards growth + mental development + cause heart defects by restricting blood vessels in umbilical cord, interfering with absorption of essentials vitamins and minerals from mother's gut.
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Effects of smoking on foetal development
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Retards growth and mental development by CO in blood reduces oxygen uptake, nicotine prevents adequate glucose reaching foetal tissues
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Drugs e.g thalidomide
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Can cause severe malformation in development
like abnormal limbs, eyes, ears, heart |
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Effects of lead on foatal development
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Inhibits enzyme activity and has profound activity on human physiology
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Lack of light causes
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plant death, chlorotic leaves, etiolation
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Phototropism
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a growth movement in response to unidirectional stimulus
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Long day plant
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flowers only when number of hours of light exposed to is above a critical level
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short day plant
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flowers only when number of hours of light exposed to are below a critical level
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Homeostasis
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Is maintaining of internal conditions within tolerable limits
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Negative feedback
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change from normal limits is detected, corrective mechanism is switch on this results in a return to normal and corrective mechanism switches off
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hypothalumus
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detects water concentrations in blood and body temperature
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ADH
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is produced when someones water concentrations are lower than normal and causes an increased permeability of the loop of henle to increase re absorption
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Urea
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a nitrogenous waste formed by a process of deamination of amino acids in the liver.
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Glycogen
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Is a storage carbohydrate.
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Insulin
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A hormone produced by the islets of laugerhans in the pancreas. It turns glucose into glycogen when blood sugar levels are raised
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Glucagon
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a hormone produced in pancreas in response to falling glucose levels (turns glycogen back to glucose)
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Adrenaline
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Known as the 'fight or flight' hormone made in adrenal gland in response to stress and turns glycogen into glucose to supply energy
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Liver
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Acts as a reservoir of stored carbohydrate glycogen
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Ectotherm
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are unable to regulate their body temperature and derive their body heat from the environment e.g fish, amphibians and reptiles
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Endotherm
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derive most of there heat from their own metabolism e.g. mammals + birds
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When cold
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Shivering, pilo erection, vasoconstriction
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When hot
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Sweating, pilo relaxing, vasodilation
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Density independent
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Affects the population numbers whether there's 100000 or 20000 people they still die (Abiotic) temper, rain, natural disasters
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Density dependent
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Depends on how many people if densly populated disease will spread fast kill more if not densely populated will only affect small number and not spread. also food, water, space availability
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Succession
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Process by which a plant species colanise a barren area of land
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This increases
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inorganic nutrients, organic materials, depth of soil etc.
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Pioneer species
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first plant species e.g lichens + mosses
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A climax community
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is a stable self perpetulating community in dynamic equilibrium with its enviroment
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the process of succesion from first colonisers to climax community is
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unidirectional and involves an increase in biomass, food web complexity, height of vegetation, species diversity
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