Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Drugs |
Chemicals that affect physiology in any manner |
|
|
Chemotherapeutic agents |
Drugs taht act against diseases |
|
|
Antimicrobial agents |
Drugs that treat infections |
|
|
Paul Ehrlich |
Magic bullets, arsenic compounds that killed microbes |
|
|
Alexander Fleming |
Left plates in the lab, Penicillin |
|
|
Gerhard Domagk |
Discovered sulfanilamide; sulfa drugs |
|
|
Selman Waksman |
Antibiotics |
|
|
Semisynthetics |
Second generation drugs that are chemicall altered antibiotics made to be longer lasting or easier to administer than naturally occuring ones |
|
|
Synthetics |
Antimicrobials taht are completely synthesized in a lab |
|
|
Antiviral drugs limited due to? |
They effect the host |
|
|
Inhibition of Cell wall synthesis |
Penicillins, cephaloporin, Vancomycin, Bacitracin, Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Echinocandins |
|
|
Inhibition of Protein synthesis |
Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Antisense nucleic acids |
|
|
Disruption of Cytoplasmic membrane |
Polymyxins, Polyenes |
|
|
Inhibition of general metabolic pathway |
Sulfonamides, Trimethoprim, Dapsone |
|
|
Inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis |
Actinomycin, Nucleotide analogs, Quinoiones, Rifampin |
|
|
Inhibition of Pathogen's attachment |
Antidone, Pleconaril |
|
|
What do most common agents do to inhibit synthesis of Bacterial walls? |
Prevent cross linkage of NAM subunits Beta-Lactams are most prominent in this group Bacteria have weakend cell walls and eventually lyse Some microbes have evolved |
|
|
Describe semisynthetic derivatives of beta-lactams |
More stable in acidic environments More readily absorbed Less susceptible to deactivation More active against more types of Bacteria
|
|
|
Describe Vancomycin and cycloserine |
Interupt bridges that link Nam subunits |
|
|
Describe Bacitracin |
Blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm |
|
|
Describe Isoniazid and Ethambutol |
Disrupt mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species |
|
|
Why can you use a ribosomal rRNA drug ? |
We can inhibit rRNA which stops protein synthesis w/o damaging the host b/c of different sizes |
|
|
How do drugs disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane? |
Drugs form a channel through the cytoplasmic membrane and damage its integrity Amphotericin B attaches to ergosterol in Fungal membranes, Humans are suceptible because it is similar to cholesterol |
|
|
Azoles and allylamines |
Inhibbit ergosterol synthesis |
|
|
Polymyxin |
Disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane of gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Atovaquone |
Interferes with ETC in protozoa |
|
|
Heavy metals inactivate? |
Eneszy |
|
|
Why is inhibiting metabolic pathways not as effective? |
They can use an alternative pathway |
|
|
Amantadine, Rimantadine |
Prevent viral uncoating, heat up, flu |
|
|
Protease Inhibitors |
Interfere with an enzyme that HIV needs in its replication cycle |
|
|
Nucleic Acid Synthesis |
Several drugs block DNA replication or RNA transcription |
|
|
Ideal Antimicrobial Agents have the following qualities? |
Readily available, Inexpensive, Chemically stable, Easily administered, nontoxic and nonallergenic, selectively toxic against a wide range of pathogens |
|
|
What are the two spectrums of action? |
Narrow spectrum and Broad spectrum |
|
|
Narrow Spectrum |
effective against few organisms |
|
|
Broad spectrum |
effective against any organisms |
|
|
Effectiveness of drugs if found by |
Kerby Bauer test |
|
|
What do the test determine? |
diffusion susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentration test, minimum bactericidal concentration test |
|
|
What are the 4 routes of administration? |
Topical, oral, intramuscular, intravenous
|
|
|
Topical application |
external infections |
|
|
Oral route |
requiresn o needle and is self-administered |
|
|
Intramuscular administration |
needle directly into muscle |
|
|
Intravenous administration |
delivers drug directly to bloodstream |
|
|
What are the side effects of drugs? |
Toxicity, Allergy, Disruption of normal microbiota |
|
|
Toxicity |
Many adverse reactions by poor understanding Drugs may be toxic to kidneys, liver, or nerves Consideration needed when prescribing drugs to preganant women
|
|
|
What is Therapeutic index? |
Is the ratio of the dose of a drug that can be tolerated to the drug's effective dose |
|
|
Allergies can cause? |
Allergic reactions are rare but may be fatal Anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Disruption of normal microbiota can? |
May result in secondary infections Overgrowth of normal flora causing superinfection greatest concern for hospitalized patients
|
|
|
How can bacteria become resistant |
New mutations of chromosomal genes Acquisition of R plasmids |
|
|
What are the seven ways that a microbe can resist drugs? |
1. production of enzyme that deactivates drug 2. slow or prevent entry of drug into the cell 3. alter target of drug so it binds less effectively 3. Alter their own metabolic chemistry 4. pump antimicrobial drug out of the cell before it can work 5. Bacteria in biofilms can resist antimicrobials 6. Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces MfpA protein Binds DNA gyrase preventing the binding of fluoroquinoione drugs.
|
|
|
Multi-drug resistant pathogens |
Are resistant to at least three antimicrobial agents |
|
|
How to retard resistance? |
Maintain high concentration of drug in patient for sufficient time Use antimicrobial agents in combination: Syngergism, Antagonism |
|
|
Synergism |
Drugs taht work together to kill microbes |
|
|
Antagonism |
Drugs interfere with each other inhibiting effectiveness
|
|
|
How to retard resistance furthermore |
Use antimicrobials only when necessary Develop new variations of existing drugs I.E second generation drugs and third generation drugs. |
