Microbiology: Unit 1 Test

Front 1

Louis Pasteur

Back 1

Disproved idea of spontaneous generation and proved the idea of biogenesis (one life form producing another lifeform) in 1861. Proved that microorganisms are everywhere which paved the way for aspetic techniques.

Front 2

Joseph Lister

Back 2

Introduced the idea of using disinfectants for surgical instruments and dressings

Front 3

Robert Koch

Back 3

Pure culture technique. Linked an organism with a specfic disease

Front 4

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Back 4

Fathere of Bacterilogy and Protozology

Front 5

Founders of Microbiolgy?

Back 5

Robert Koch and Joseph Lister

Front 6

Define Prokaryocyte.

Back 6

An organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and memebrane-bound organelles.
All members of the Kingdom Monera.

Front 7

Name the two domains of Prokaryocytes.

Back 7

Bacteria- True and Cyano
Archaea

Front 8

Cyanobacteria is responsible for what important fuction of life?

Back 8

Photosynthesis

Front 9

Archaeas are also called ____

Back 9

Extremophiles

Front 10

Define Eukaryocyte.

Back 10

Organisms in which the DNA is enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus; organelles are membrane-bound as well.

Front 11

Name the domain of the Eukaryocyte.

Back 11

Eukarya

Front 12

Which organisms are included within the Eukarya domain?

Back 12

Algae
Fungi
Protozans (one-celled animals, amoebas, paramisums)
Parasitic worms (helminths)- they need hosts

Front 13

Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Back 13

Prokaryotes (termed "pre-nucles) were the dominant inhabitants of earth for 2 billion years. No nuclear membrane. Smaller than Eukaryocytes. Peptidoglycan cell walls (bacteria) No membrane bound organelles.

Eukaryotes (termed true nucleus) started lines for evolution. Evolved from prokaryotes. Larger than prokaryotes. Nuclear membrane, cellulose and chitin in cell walls (when present), membrane-bound organelles

Front 14

How long have microbes been evolving on earth?

Back 14

35 billion years

Front 15

Photosynthethic microbes contribute to ___ of the earth's photosynthesis.

Back 15

50%

Front 16

Earth's temp regulation is based on two greenhouse gases. Name them and what do they do?

Back 16

Carbon dioxide and methane. They create an insulation layer to retain heat

Front 17

How are greenhouse gases produced?

Back 17

By microbes living in the environment and in the digestive tracts of animals

Front 18

List 5 major roles of microbes in the world.

Back 18

Ecological (photosynthesis, oxygen production)
Food/beverage production
Bioremediation (use of microbes to clean up enviornmental spills)
Medically important microbes (normal microbal flora and pathogenic agents)

Front 19

System of nomenclature

Back 19

Kingdom
Phylum (division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Front 20

5 kingdoms of Whitikar's System of Classfication

Back 20

Procaryotae (Monera): all prokaryotes inclunding eubacteria and archaebacteria
Protista: single celled eukaryotic microbes (algae and protozans)
Myceteae: fungi
Plantae
Animailia

Front 21

3 Domains of Woese System of classification

Back 21

Bacteria: 12 kingoms of bacteria
Archaea: 3 kingoms of archaebacteria
Eukarya: 10 kingdoms of eukaryotic organisms

Front 22

Prokaryotic cell shapes

Back 22

coccus (spherical)
bacillus (rod-shaped)
spirillium and spirochetes (spherical)

Front 23

Prokaryotic arrangment patterns

Back 23

diplo- 2
strepto- 2-4
sarcina- 4-8
stapho- grapelike
palisades- columnar cells

Front 24

Prokaryotic's cell membrane is in the structure of a fluid mosaic model which consist of:

Back 24

phospholipds (hydrophillic heads and hydrophobic tails)
proteins

Front 25

Wha is the importance of the Prokaryotic fluid mosaic model?

Back 25

for the engulfment of foods and discharge or secretion of cells

Front 26

What are mesosomes and what are their functions?

Back 26

Mesosomes are infoldings of plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells.

They increase the internal surface area available for membrane activites.

Front 27

5 functions of the prokaryotic cell membrane

Back 27

semipermeable barrier
transport
respriration
secretion
biosynthesis

Front 28

What is the function of the prokaryotic cell wall?

Back 28

to help limit the likliehood of osmotic lysis (cell burst upon water flowing into the cell and swelling)

Front 29

What do gram postive cells consist of?

Back 29

Peptidoglycan (provides strength and durability)
teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid (functions in the maintence and enlargement of cell division and immune response)

Front 30

Gram Negative cells consist of:

Back 30

a thin, inner peptidoglycan layer
And outer membrane contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS or endoxin)

Front 31

Lipopolysaccharides consists of___? what are their functions?

Back 31

proteins (porins have regulatory control over molecules entering and leaving the cell) AND
phospholipids. They are used as identification and blocks host defenses.

Front 32

Treatment with lysozymes or growth in media with penicilin results in_____ of the cell wall structure?

Back 32

They interrupt formation by protecting aganist peptidoglycan from being built properly, thus weakening of the cell wall

Front 33

Define L-Forms

Back 33

Bacteria that ordinarily have a cell wall but lose it during parts of their life cycle. They are then either a spheroplast or a protoplast are susceptible to cell lysis.

Front 34

Name the differences between protoplasts and spheroplasts.

Back 34

Protoplasts are from gram positive cells and consist of the cell walll totally missing.
Spheroplasts are from gram negative cells are consist of the outer membrane of the wall remaning intact.

Front 35

A type of L-form that is a type of phelmorphism is a _____.
What is its definition?

Back 35

Mycoplamsa- a bacterial genus which fails to produce cell walls. It contains sterols which make it resistant to lysis

Front 36

The glycocalyx consists of a _____ or _____?

Back 36

A capsule (tightly adherent)
or
a slime layer (loosley adherent)

Front 37

Functions of the glycalyx:

Back 37

Antiphagocytic
Promotes adherence to surfaces (stops bacterial cells from sticking to the surfaces of your body and colonizing)

Front 38

What is the function of a flagella?

Back 38

Required for motility or self-repulsion

Front 39

Flagellum moves in response to _______

Back 39

chemotaxis

Front 40

Define: montrichous

Back 40

single flagellum

Front 41

Define: lophotrichous

Back 41

single bunches or tufts emerging from the same site

Front 42

Define: amphitrichous

Back 42

flagella at both sides of the cell

Front 43

Define: peritrichous

Back 43

flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell

Front 44

Fimbriae is found in both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Describe the Fimbriae's role in the cell

Back 44

To enhances the bacteria's ability to attach to the host and cause disease

Front 45

Pilli is found in gram negative bacteria ONLY. Describe pilli's role in the cell wall.

Back 45

used in the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation, and a short pilus called a fimbrium is used as a cell adhesion mechanism.

Front 46

What is the role of ribosomes?

Back 46

protein synthesis

Front 47

What is the 70S complex?

Back 47

S or Svedberg units- rate the molecular size of various cell parts that have been spun down and seperated by molecular shape and weight in a centrifuge.

Front 48

Inclusion bodies and granules are also called _____

Back 48

storage bodies

Front 49

Inclusion bodies consist of glycogen, polyhdroxybutyrate, and polymetaphosphate. What is polymetaphosphates's role?

Back 49

Stains a contrasting color. important source of building blocks for nucleic acid and protein synthesis.

Front 50

Define: endospore

Back 50

produced by gram postive rods, a dormant body produced by bacteria, beneficial for survival

Front 51

Why are endospores impregnenated with calcium dipicolinate?

Back 51

It removes water and leaves endospores very dehydrated making it less vulnerable to the effects of heat, as heat-fixing requires a certain amount of water in the protoplasm. This makes it metabolically inactive, and highly resistant to damage, also.