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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Give a few examples of extreme conditions and locations where microbes can live.
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outer space,high pressure areas,under the sea, in ice, can survive radiation
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Give a four examples of food sources for the microbes.
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glucose, sulfur,chemicals, and hydrogen ions
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When do you become colonized?
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shortly after birth
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How much of your body weight is bacteria bulk?
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1-2 pounds
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Why would it not only be a useless and bad idea to sterilize yourself?
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-sterilization would take good and bad bacteria out of the body
-recolonization would occur within hours |
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Give 5 examples of huge impacts that microbes have had on the world.
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1. atomic bomb
2. plague 3.Ireland's potato famine 4. Civil War infections 5.Malaria |
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What microbe was responsible for the plague?
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yersinia pestis
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Give two microbes involved in bioterrorism.
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anthrax and saryn
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What microbe causes the common cold?
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adenovirus
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What microbe causes diahrrea after ingesting bad food?
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salmonella
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What parasite causes diahhrea after ingesting contaminated water?
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giardia
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What fungus causes athletes foot and ring worm?
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tinea
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What microbe causes strept throat and skin infections?
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streptococcal
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What is the study of bacteria?
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bacteriology
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What is the study of viruses?
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virology
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What is the study of fungi?
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mycology
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What is the study of algae?
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phycology
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What is the study of protozoans?
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protozoology
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What is the study of parasites?
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parasitology
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What type of organism has no organelles or nucleus?
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prokaryotes
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What type of organism has a true nucleus, cell membrane, and is more advanced?
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eukaryotes
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What organism is referred to as a bag of things?
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prokaryotes
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What organism is referred to as bags inside of bags?
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eukaryotes
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What do viruses consist of?
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DNA and RNA
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Describe a virus's makeup.
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A core with 8-12 genes long surrounded by a protein campsule.
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What does the protein capsule do for viruses?
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It allows for attatchment and protection.
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How does a virus infect a cell?
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Injects into cell and hijacks it.
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What are the two types of prokaryotes?
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bacteria and archae
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What is larger, prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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eukaryotes
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What are the three basic shapes and their names?
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Round-cocci
Rods-Bacilli Curved- helica |
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Give 2 examples of rounds or cocci microbes.
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diplococci and staphylococci
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Give two examples of bacillus or rod microbes?
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bacillus and coccobacillus
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Give two examples of spiral microbes.
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spirillium,spirochete
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Where are archea found?
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in hostile environments
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Where have archea been discovered?
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in fossils
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How do algae make food?
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photosynthesis
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What type of organism of algae is a single cell, but clumps together?
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kelp
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What organism starts the food chain?
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phytoplankton
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What organism is responsible for the red tide bloom and what is it's significance?
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algae, produce toxins
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Name three types of fungi.
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yeast,mold,mushroom
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How do fungi obtain food?
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scavenge by secreting substances on rotting things and then absorb the nutrients
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What is the immunocompromised patient?
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AIDS, chemotheraphy
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What fungus can effect the immunocompromised patient and what are its effects?
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pneumocystis carni-brain and lung infection
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What occured during the Salem witch trials that is significant to fungus?
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A fungus on barley and rye in their bread produced highs of that like LSD.
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What are the most complex unicellular organisms?
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protozoas
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How do protozoas move?
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flagella or pseudopods
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Name two types of protozoans that are disesases?
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malaria and giardia
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How small are viruses?
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1/10 the size of bacteria
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Can viruses be seen?
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with an electron microscope
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What do prions consist of?
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protein only-no dna
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How do prions reproduce
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Replicate themselves
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What are two prion related diseases?
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mad cow disease
alzheimer's disease |
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How are prions thought to be transmitted?
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similar to viruses
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What are helminths?
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worms
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Why are worms studied within microbiology?
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because of their size
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Give an example of a flat worm.
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tape
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Give an example of a round worm.
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hook worms
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What is trichella and where is it found?
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a hook worm in pork
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Who was the first person to view microorganisms through a microscope?
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Leeuwenboek
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What power did Leeuwenhoek observe his specimens under?
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200 x
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What did Leeuwenhoek call the microbes?
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animalcules
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Who were the 3 big promoters of spontaneous life?
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Francesco Redi,John Needham,Lazzaro Spallanzani
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Who did the experiment with the maggots and jars?
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Francesco Redi
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Who thought that life begats life?
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Francesco Redi
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Who did the experiment with covered boiled chicken broth and air?
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J. Needham
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Who boiled chicken broth without air?
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Spallanzani
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Who did the experiment with cow pox and small pox?
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Edward Jenner
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What was concluded about the small pox and cow pox experiment?
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Something in cow pox prevents small pox
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Who was responsible for the experiment that involved the midwives and doctors?
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Ignaz Semmelweiss
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What was concluded about the midwife and doc experiment?
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The mortality rate was higher in the unit run by doctors and med students because they washed their hands more than the midwives did in the poorer unit.
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What did Pasture prove and invent?
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1.Immunizations using attenuated viruses
2.No spontaneous generation 1.pasturization 2.swan neck flask |
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How did Pasture prove that life spawns from life?
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He boiled chicken broth and covered it. Nothing grew.
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Who used carbolic acid as a weak aseptic and was a big freak about washing hands?
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Lister
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Who studied the contagious disease anthrax and developed the germ theory?
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Koch
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What is the germ theory?
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1. Organism is found in all disease suffering organisms, not healthy animals.
2. Organism must be grown in culture and isolated 3. Organism causes disease when injected in healthy animal 4.The organism must be re-isolated from the experimental animal. |
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Who discovered Penicllium Notatum on orange peels and what does it kill?
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Fleming- kills staph aureus
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What is a decimeter?
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1/10 of a meter
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What is a centimeter?
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1/100 of a meter
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What is a millimeter?
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1/1000 of a meter
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What is a micrometer?
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1/1,000,000 of a meter
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1/1,000,000,000 of a meter is what?
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nanometer
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What is a picometer?
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one trillionth of a meter
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What are sugars,fatty acids,amino acids,and nucleotides synthesized into?
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1.polysaccharides
2.fats,lipids,membranes 3.proteins 4.nucleic acids |
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What is the cell's energy currency?
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adenosine tri phosphate
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Name some proccesses that require ATP.
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transport,protein production,movement,synthesis
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What is the breaking down of macromolecules into smaller parts?
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catabolism
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What is the conversion of chemical energy into ATP?
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chemolithotrophy
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What is used during chemolithotrophy?
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hydrogen gas or sulfur
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What is the conversion of organic chemical energy into ATP?
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respiration or fermentation
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Give the products of respiration or fermentation of a glucose molecule.
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resp 1. glucose into co2 and water
ferm 2.glucose into ethanol and co2 gas |
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WHAT HAPPENS IF OXYGEN IS NOT AVAILABLE TO METABOLIZE Glucose?
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FERMENTATION OF The GLUCOSE will produce ALCOHOL AND CO2 and energy
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What other way can be used to make energy?
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WHAT HAPPENS IN THE HUMAN BODY WHEN NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN IS BEING DELIVERED TO THE MUSCLE?
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LACTIC ACID GENERATES
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WHAT TAKE IN SUNLIGHT TO PRODUCE MOLECULES WHOSE BONDS CONTAIN ENERGY DERIVED FROM SUNLIGHT?
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PRODUCERS
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WHAT PROCESSES PLANT MOLECULES TO RELEASE AND HARNESS ENERGY FOR THEIR OWN USE?
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CONSUMERS
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WHAT PROCESSES ARE INVOLVED IN WATER WASTE PLANTS AND WHICH IS MOST IMPORTANT?
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FERMENTATION AND RESPIRATION-RESPRIATION
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WHAT IS WHEN ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE TAKEN INTO A CELL IN A SERIES OF STEPS AND BROKEN DOWN INTO SMALLER MOLECULES WHILE RELEASING ENERGY THAT IS CAPTURED IN ATP?
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RESPIRATION
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WHAT IS THE OVERALL PROCESS OF RESPIRATION CONCERNING ELECTRONS?
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TAKE ELECTRONS FROM WASTE AND TRANSFER THEM THROUGH CHEMICAL REACTIONS TO AN OXYGEN RECEPTOR
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DURING ELECTRON TRANSFER OF RESPIRATION, WHAT IS PRODUCED?
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ATP
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WHAT IS ATP?
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AN ENERGY CARRIER FOR THE CELL
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AS BONDS ARE BROKEN DURING RESPIRATION, WHAT CARRIES THE ENERGY?
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ELECTRONS
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AS ELECTRONS ARE PASSED TO SMALLER MOLECULES, WHAT OCCURS?
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THE SMALLER MOLECULES CONTAIN LESS AND LESS ENERGY
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WHAT IS THE FINAL MOLECULE TO RECEIVE THE ELECTRONS?
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OXYGEN
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WHAT DOES THIS FORMULA REPRESENT? C6H1206 + O2=CO2 +H20+ENERGY
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RESPIRATION
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WHY DO WATER PLANTS PUMP, AGITATE, AND OXYGENATE THEIR WATER?
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THERE IS TOO MUCH ENERGY COMING INTO THE PLANTS FOR THE MICROBES TO METABOLIZE WITH JUST THE AVAILABLE OXYGEN
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WHAT HAPPENS to organic molecules if they are not made into energy?
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They begin an ANABOLIC PATHWAY TO CREATE ANOTHER MOLECULE
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WHEN MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN, WHAT ARE INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS USED FOR?"
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A SYNTHESIS PATHWAY TO PRODUCE NEW MOLECULES
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WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE WASTE IS SETTLED in ponds?
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SUBJECT TO ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION
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WHAT IS kind of compounds are produced DURING FERMENTATION OF THE WASTE?
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ORGANIC ACID COMPOUNDS
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WHAT ARE METHANE PRODUCING BACTERIA?
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METHANOGENS
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WHAT DO METHANOGENS DO?
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PROCESS THE ORGANIC ACIDS FURTHER AND CREATE METHANE GAS
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WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THERE IS NO LIGHT?
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ENERGY CONTAINED WITHIN INORGANIC CHEM BONDS USED AS AN ENERGY SOURCE
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WHERE DO CHEMOLITHOTRPHES LIVE?
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HOT SPRINGS,MOUNT SAINT HELEN ERUPTION,OCEAN
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HOW IS WINE MADE?
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GRAPES' FRUCTOSE SUGAR BROKEN DOWN TO CO2 AND ALCOHOL
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WHAT PRODUCES THE FIZZ IN BEER AND THE HOLES IN CHEESE?
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CO2
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HOW ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES JOINED TOGETHER?
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BONDS THAT CONTAIN ENERGY
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HOW DOES E.COLI LEAD TO KIDNEY FAILURE?
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BODY GENERATES ANTIBODIES TO THE TOXINS, AND THE TOXIN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX MAY ACCUMULATE WITHIN THE KIDNEY
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WHAT IS THE CELL MEMBRANE MADE OF?
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LIPID,PROTEIN,CARBS
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WHAT IS UNIQUE TO BACTERIA?
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PEPTIOGLYCAN CELL WALL
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WHERE IS DNA LOCATED IN PROKARYOTES?
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FREE FLOATS IN CYTOPLASM
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WHAT IS WHEN A SMALLER PARTICLE OR LIQUID IS ENGULFED?
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PINOCYTOSIS
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WHAT IS THE REMOVAL OF SUBSTANCES FROM A CELL?
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EXOCYTOSIS
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WHICH GRAM TYPE HAS A THINNER CELL WALL?
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GRAM -
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WHAT IS THE CELL WALL SITE OF FOR SOME THINGS?
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ANTIBIOTIC SITE SUCH AS PENICILLIN
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WHERE IS THE OUTER MEMBRANE USUALLY SEEN?
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GRAM - BACTERIA
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WHAT IS THE 5 FUNCTIONS OF THE OUTER MEMBRANE?
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-PROTECTION
-LIMITS DESTRUCTION BY MACROPHAGES -PROVIDES ATTATCHMENT SITES FOR ANTIBODIES -ENDOTOXINS -PREVENTS ANTIBIOTICS FROM AFFECTING CELL WALL |
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IF THE OUTER MEMBRANE IS FIXED OR MOBILE, WHAT IS IT REFFERED TO?
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CAPSULE,SLIME LAYER
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WHAT IS A SMALL PROTEIN TUBE THAT FORMS ON THE SURFACE OF A CELL ALLOWING CONJUGATION?
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PILI
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WHAT IS THE TRANSFER OF DNA BETWEEN TWO BACTERIA?
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CONJUGATION
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WHAT CODES FOR AN ENZYME?
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PLASMID
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WHAT IS ATTATCHMENT POINTS TO BIND TO OTHER HOST'S CELLS?
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FIMBRIA
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WHAT ARE FLAGELLA CALLED IN EUKARYOTES?
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CILLIUM
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ARE CILLIUM AND FLAGELLA SIMILAR?
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NO
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HOW IS DNA PASSED ONTO THE NEXT GENERATION?
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DNA INFO IS TRANSCRIBED AND TRANSLATED INTO PROTEINS
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WHAT TRANSLATES THE MRNA INTO A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN?
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RIBOSOME
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WHAT IS THE RIBOSOME STRUCTURE?
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2 SUBUNITS-EACH COMPOSED OF ONE OR TWO LARGE RNA MOLECULES
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WHAT do Swedburg units measure?
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They measure the rate of sedimentation of a particle in a centrifuge.
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WHAT ARE THE RATES OF SEDIMENTATION IN PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES?
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P-70S
E-80S |
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WHY ARE RIBOSOMES IN P VS E ARE DIFFERENT?
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ANTIBIOTIC TARGET
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What are eukaryotic cell walls made up of?
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cellulose,chitin,glucan
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What is special about protozoans and do they have cell walls?
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no cell wall- have pellicle protein coat
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WHAT IS THE OUTER MEMBRANE OF CELLS IN HUMANS?
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GLYCOCALYX
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE GLYCOCALYX?
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ATTATCHMENT AND ID OF ANTIBODIES AND WBCS
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WHAT DOES THE GLYCOCALYX LACK?
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PEPTIOGLYCAN-TARGET OF PENICILIN
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WHAT DO MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN?
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DNA
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WHAT ARE THE FOLDS IN MITOCHONDRIA AND WHAT ARE THEIR FUNCTIONS?
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CRISTAE-CONTAIN ENZYMES FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE GOLGI APPARATUS?
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PACKAGE LIPIDS,PROTEINS,AND ENZYMES FOR EXPORT
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WHERE ARE LYSOSOMES made AND WHAT ARE THEIR PURPOSE?
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-IN MACROPHAGES
-PRODUCED BY THE GOLGI COMPLEX -CONTAINING DIGESTIVE ENZYMES |
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WHERE IS THE HEREDITARY INFO STORED?
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NUCLEUS AND NUCLEOLUS
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WHAT IS RESTING DNA CALLED?
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CHROMATION
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WHAT happens to dna when it is reproducing?
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Condenses into chromosomes
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WHAT IS THE NUCLEOUS FUNCTION AND LOCATION?
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inSIDE OF NUCLEUS, RNA PRODUCTION
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WHAT IS THE ER INVOLVED WITH?
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MRNA TRANSCRIPTION AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION
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WHERE ARE PROTEIN CHAINS PRODUCED AND DEPOSITED INTO?
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CHANNELS OF THE ER
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WHERE DOES ACTIVE PROTEIN PRODUCTION OCCUR?
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ROUGH ER
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WHO INVENTED THE RABIES VACCINE?
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PASTURE
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HOW DO PROKARYOTES REPRODUCE?
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ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION
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WHO HAS A FASTER METABOLIC AND REPRODUCTION RATE?
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MET-PRO
REP-PRO |
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GIVE THE 4 STRUCTURES IN BACTERIA?
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OUTER AND INNER MEMBRANES,ACCESSORY STRUCTURES,CELL WALL
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WHAT WOULD OCCUR IF THE BACTERIA DID NOT HAVE A CELL WALL?
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SWELL AND EXPLODE DUE TO OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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HOW ARE ARCHEA DIFF THAN PROKARYOTES? 2
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DIFFERENT CELL WALL STRUCTURE and different ribosome types
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WHAT ARE EXTREMOPHILS?
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ARCHEA
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WHAT IS THE CELL MEMBRANE MADE OF?
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LIPIDS WITH A HYDROPHILIC AND HYDROPHOBIC TAIL
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DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE by describing the layers and molecules it is composed of.
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BILAYER, AND MADE OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND PROTEINS
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WHAT IS THE PLASMA MEMBRANE CALLED IN GRAM -S?
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INNER MEMBRANE
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WHAT REGULATES FLOW OF MOLECULES INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL?
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CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE
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WHAT TYPE OF TRANSPORT HAS MATERIALS MOVE FROM HIGHER CONCENTRATION TO LOWER CONCENTRATION WITHOUT NEED FOR ENERGY?
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PASSIVE
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WHAT TYPE OF TRANSPORT INVOLVES PROTEIN MOLECULES ACT AS A REVOLVING DOOR?
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FACILITATED
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WHAT ARE PIECES OF CELL MEMBRANE SURROUNDING THE MOLECULE SO IT CAN MOVE ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE?
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VESICLE
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HOW DO ANTIBIOTICS WORK?
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DAMAGES CELL WALL AND CELL RUPTURES
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WHAT IS PEPTIOGLYCAN MADE OF?
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PEPTIDE AND CARB
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WHAT ARE The two things that make up the grid OF PEPTIOGLYCAN?
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NAM-ACETYLMURAMIC ACID-carb
NAG- ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE-peptide |
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WHAT ARE BACTERIOPHAGES?
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VIRUS THAT ATTACK BACTERIA
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WHAT IS THE ORDER OF BACTERIA LAYERS FROM THE INSIDE OUT?
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CELL MEM, CELL WALL, OUTER MEM
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WHERE ARE ENDOTOXINS CONTAINED?
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OUTER MEMBRANE
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HOW DOES THE OUTER MEMBRANE PROTECT THE BACTERIA FROM MACROPHAGES?
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SLIPPERY- SLIPS AWAY
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IS AN OUTER MEMBRANE ALWAYS PRESENT IN BACTERIA?
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NO- DEPENDS ON SPECIES
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WHAT IS THE ATOMIC NUMBER?
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NUMBER OF PROTONS IN NUCLEUS
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IF THERE IS AN UNEQUAL NUMBER OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS WHAT RESULTS?
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CHARGED ION
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WHAT ARE ATOMS THAT HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS BUT VARY IN THE NUMBER OF NEUTRONS?
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ISOTOPES
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if an isotope is unstable, what will it do to try to become more stable, and what is this called?
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it will try to lose a neuron -RADIOACTIVITY
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WHAT IS THE TIME FOR HALF OF THE ATOMS TO LOSE ENOUGH NEUTRONS TO BECOME A MORE STABLE FORM?
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RADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE
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WHAT IS THE WEAKEST BOND THAT HOLDS TOGETHER DNA?
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HYDROGEN BONDS
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WHAT IS THE BONDS BASED ON ELECTROSTATIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGES?
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IONIC BONDS
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WHAT IS THE REACTION THAT JOINS TWO ELEMENTS TOGETHER TO MAKE A NEW THING?
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SYNTHESIS
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WHAT IS THE REACTION THAT BREAKS THINGS APART?
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DECOMPOSITION
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WHAT OCCURS DURING REACTIONS WITH THE BONDS INVOLVED?
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BREAK OR MAKING BONDS
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WHAT IS THIS AN EXAMPLE OF:
HCL+NAOH=>NACL+H20 |
EXCHANGE REACTION
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WHAT IS A REACTION THAT REQUIRES ENERGY?
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ENDOTHERMIC
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WHAT IS A REACTION THE GENERATES ENERGY?
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EXOTHERMIC
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WHAT TYPE OF heat REACTION OCCURS WHEN GLUCOSE IS BROKEN DOWN BY THE CELL TO PRODUCE ATP?
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EXOTHERMIC=heat is released
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WHAT DO EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS NEED TO GET STARTED?
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ENERGY OF ACTIVATION
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WHAT LOWERS ENERGY OF ACTIVATION AND WHAT IT THE RESULT OF IT?
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CATALYSTS-REACTIONS PROCEED AT A MUCH LOWER TEMPERATURE
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WHAT ARE CATALYSTS THAT ALLOW REACTIONS TO PROCEED AT BODY TEMP?
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ENZYMES
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WHAT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN DONATE AN H ION?
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ACID
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WHAT IS A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN ACCEPT AN H ION?
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BASE
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DESCRIBE THE PH SCALE.
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0-14 THE LOWER THE NUMBER, THE MORE ACIDIC
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WHAT SCALE IS THE PH BASED ON?
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LOG SCALE-POWERS OF 10
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WHAT IS THE PH OF BLEACH AND STOMACH ACID?
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BLEACH=11, ST ACID=1
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WHAT ELEMENT IS USED IN SCI FI AS ANOTHER FORM OF LIFE?
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SILICON IN COMPUTERS
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WHAT IS THE SUGAR FORMULA?
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CH20)N N=3-7
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WHY DO BACTERIA AND YEAST FERMENT ENERGY?
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TO PRODUCE ENERGY
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GIVE A STRUCTURE OF GLYCERIDE.
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3 CARBON GLYCEROL MOLECULE WITH FATTY ACIDS
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WHAT makes up an amino acid? 2 things
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CARBOXYLIC GROUP AND AMINO GROUP
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WHAT CODES FOR AMINO ACID IN A RIBOSOME?
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A 3 SEQUENCE CODE OF DNA
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NAME THE NUCLEOTIDES AND SPECIFY DNA VS RNA.
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GUANINE,ADENINE,THYMINE,CYTOSINE,URACIL REPLACES THYMINE IN RNA
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WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEOTIDES?
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PURINES AND PYRAMIDINES
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WHAT IS THE DIF BETWEEN DNA AND RNA?
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SUGARS-DEOXYRIBOSE AND RIBOSE
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WHAT MAKES UP THE STRUCTURAL BACKBONE OF DNA AND RNA MOLECULES?
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NUCLEOTIDES
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WHEN A SUGAR MOLECULE FERMENTS WHAT IS CREATED?
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ALCOHOL OR ACID AND CO2 AND 2 ATP
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IN FERMENTATION WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER AN ACID OR A ALCOHOL ARE PRODUCED?
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DEPENDS ON THE ORGANISM
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WHEN A BREWER'S YEAST IS FERMENTED..WHAT IS CREATED?
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ALCOHOL
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WHEN A LACTOBACILLUS FERMENTS WHAT IS CREATED?
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LACTIC ACID
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WHEN A ACETOBACTER FERMENTS WHAT IS CREATED?
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VINEGAR
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WHAT HAPPENS IF THE PRODUCT PRODUCED DURING FERMENTATION ACCUMULATES?
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KILL THE ORGANISM
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IN CONSUMER, WHAT PROCESS OF METABOLISM REQUIRES OXYGEN AND WHICH DOES NOT?
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YES-RESPIRATION
NO-FERMENTATION |
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WHAT IS THE GOAL OF THE CELL DURING METABOLISM?
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CELL CAPTURE ENERGY IN CHEMICAL BONDS OF THE ORGANIC MOLECULES
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WHAT IS THE ENTRY MOLECULE INTO FERMENTATION OR CREB'S CYCLE?
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3 CARBON MOLECULE, PYRUVATE
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WHAT IS THE BREAKING OF THE SIX CARBON GLUCOSE INTO TWO 3 CARBON PYRUVATES?
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GLYCOLYSIS
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IN THE PROCESS OF GLYCOLYSIS HOW MANY ATPS ARE REQUIRED AS ACTIVATION?
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2
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HOW MANY ATPS ARE PRODUCED DURING GLYCOLYSIS?
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4
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HOW MANY ATPS ARE PRODUCED PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE IN GLYCOLYSIS?
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2 PER GLUCOSE MOLECULE
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IN WHAT KIND OF CELL CAN THE PYRUVATE BE FURTHER BROKEN DOWN AND WHAT DOES IT YIELD?
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EUKARYOTES- MORE ATP
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WHERE IS THE ENERGY CONTAINED IN ATP?
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PHOSPHATE BOND
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WHY IS ATP A VERY COMMON MOLECULE WITHIN A CELL?
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ITS ABILITY TO TRANSFER ITS ENERGY TO A WIDE VARIETY OF MOLECULES AND REACTIONS
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HOW IS PYRUVATE PRODUCED?
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GLYCOLYSIS OF GLUCOSE WITH PRODUCTION OF 2 ATPS
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what occurs when pyruvate is fermented/.
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CONVERTED TO CO2 AND ALCOHOL/ACIDS TO RELEASE SOME ENERGY
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CAN THE PYRUVATE ENTER CREB'S CYCLE IN WHAT TYPE OF CELL?
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EUKARYOTE
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WHAT IS A SERIES OF REACTIONS WHICH FURTHER PROCESSES PYRUVATE AND RELEASE MORE ENERGY WHICH IS CAPTURED IN ATP AND A FEW OTHER MOLECULES/.
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KREB'S CYCLE
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HOW MANY ATPS ARE PRODUCED DURING CREB'S CYCLE?
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38
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NADH=> ?
FADH2=>? |
NAD AND ENERGY
FAD AND ENERGY |
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WHY DOES FADH AND NADH HAVE TO BE PROCESSED?
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TO TRANSFER THEIR ENERGY TO CONVERT ADP TO ATP
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WHEN IS NADH AND FADH2 PRODUCED?
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DURING KREB'S CYCLE
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WHAT IS WHEN BONDS BROKEN ENERGY IS STORED IN NADH AND FADH2 TO CONVERT ADP TO ATP?
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ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
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WHERE DOES THE ENERGY COME FROM?
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ELECTRONS IN BONDS
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WHERE DOES THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN TAKE PLACE?
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WITHIN MITOCHONDRIA
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WHERE DOES GLYCOLYSIS OCCUR IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES
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E-CYTOPLASM
P-CYTOPLASM |
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WHERE DOES THE INTERMEDIATE STEP TAKE PLACES IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES?
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E-CYTOPLASM
P-CYTOPLASM |
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WHERE DOES THE KREBS CYCLE TAKE PLACE IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES?
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E-MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX
P-CYTOPLASM |
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WHERE DOES THE ELECTRON CHAIN TRANSFER TAKE PLACE IN EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES
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MITOCHONDRIAL INNER MEM-E
P-PLASMA MEMBRANE |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO FUNCTIONS OF CREB'S CYCLE?
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-ENERGY
-FORMATION OF MOLECULES TO ENTER OTHER PATHWAYS |
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WHAT TYPE OF OBE CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT OXYGEN?
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OBLIGATE ANAEROBE
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WHAT TYPE OF OBE CAN TOLERATE SOME 02?
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FACILITATIVE ANAEROBE
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WHAT TYPE OF OBE PREFERS SOME 02?
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FACILITATIVE AEROBE
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WHAT TYPE OF OBE CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT 02?
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OBLIGATE AEROBE
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WHY CANNOT ALL MICROBES USE KREBS CYCLE TO MAKE ENERGY?
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LACK ENZYMES AND PATHWAYS,MITOCHONDIRIA,AND OXYGEN IS TOXIC TO SOME MICROBES
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WHY IS OXYGEN TOXIC TO SOME MICROBES?
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THEY LACK THE ENZYME TO CONVERT HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TO WATER
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WHAT IS BARLEY THAT CONTAINS AMYLASE TO BREAK DOWN STARCH INTO GLUCOSE?
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MALT
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WHAT GIVES THE BEER ITS FLAVOR AND ACTS AS AN ANTIBIOTIC?
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HOPS
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