Tortora Chapter 6 - Bone Tissue

Front 1

What are the main functions of bone tissue and the skeletal system?

Back 1

1. Support
2. Protection
3. Assistance in Movement
4. Mineral homeostasis
5. Blood Cell Production
6. Trigliceride Storage

Front 2

What are the parts of the long bone?

Back 2

1. Diaphysis
2. Epiphysis
3. Metaphyses: epiphyseal plate
4. Articular Cartilage
5. Periosteum
6. Medullary Cavity: marrow cavity
7. Endosteum

Front 3

What is the diaphysis?

Back 3

Bone shaft, or body.

Front 4

What is the epiphyses?

Back 4

Distal and proximal ends of bones.

Front 5

What is metaphyses?

Back 5

Where diaphysis joins the epiphyses.

Front 6

Epiphyseal plate

Back 6

Lg layer of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of a growing long bone.

Front 7

Articular cartilage

Back 7

Thin layer of hyaline C.T that covers the articulating surfaces of bones within synovial joints.

Front 8

Periosteum

Back 8

Peri = around, oste = bone

The thick fibrous membrane covering surface of bone except articular cartilage.
Attachment for muscles and tendons.

Front 9

Medullary cavity

Back 9

Cavity of the bone marrow.
Within diaphysis.
Contains yellow bone marrow in adults.

Front 10

Endosteum

Back 10

endo = within
Thin membrane lining medullary cavity.
Single layer of bone-forming cells, little CT.

Front 11

Matrix of bone contains

Back 11

25% water
25% collagen fibers
50% crystallized mineral patite (calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.)

Front 12

Process of calcification

Back 12

Mineral salts deposited in framework formed by collagen fibers of matrix.

Front 13

What initiates calcification?

Back 13

osteoblasts - bone building cells.

Front 14

What is the structure of the bone that stores energy?

Back 14

Marrow

Front 15

Articulates with other bones

Back 15

Epiphysis

Front 16

Shaft of the long bone

Back 16

Diaphysis

Front 17

Hyaline cartilage that reduces friction

Back 17

Articular cartilage

Front 18

Hyaline cartilage that allows diaphysis to grow

Back 18

Epiphyseal plate

Front 19

Area in mature bone where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

Back 19

Metaphysis

Front 20

Lining in bone that encourages bone growth (width)

Back 20

Periosteum

Front 21

Sequence of bone cell maturation - unspecialized to specialized

Back 21

Osteogenic
Osteoblast
Osteocyte

Front 22

Bone building cells

Back 22

Osteoblasts

Front 23

Bone dissolving cells

Back 23

osteoclast

Front 24

location of osteocytes

Back 24

Lacunae

Front 25

these areas of lacunae are filled with fluid

Back 25

Canaliculi

Front 26

Osteons in compact bone are aligned along

Back 26

lines of stress

Front 27

Bone remodeling:

Back 27

1. occurs all through life
2. Involves bone resorption
3. involves bone deposition
4. occurs at different rates at different locations

Front 28

Renewal rate for compact bone tissue is

Back 28

4% per year

Front 29

Minerals needed when bones are growing

Back 29

Magnesium

Front 30

Sequence of processes during bone elongation at epiphyseal plate

Back 30

resting
proliferation
hypertrophication
calcification

Front 31

Contributes to adult bone remodeling and growth

Back 31

Calcium
Vitamins
Sex hormones
Human growth hormon

Front 32

Osteogenic

Back 32

osteo = bone
genic = producing

Front 33

Osteoblasts

Back 33

osteo = bone
blasts = sprout/buds

Front 34

Osteocytes

Back 34

osteo = bone
cytes = cells

Front 35

Osteoclasts

Back 35

osteo = bone
clasts = break
*clasts break down matrix

Front 36

Compact bone

Back 36

1. tightly packed bone
2. superficial to spongy bone
3. covered by the periosteum
4. called dense bone.

Front 37

Haversian system

Back 37

Blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves from periosteum that penetrate compact bone thru transverse Volkmann's canals.

Front 38

Volkmann's canals

Back 38

perforating canals that run within the osteons which are perpendicular to the Haversian canals

Front 39

Concentric lamellae

Back 39

rings of hard, calcified matrix around canals.

Front 40

Lacunae

Back 40

"little lakes" which contain osteocytes.

Front 41

Canaliculi

Back 41

"small channels" that radiate in all directions from the lacunae.

Are filled with extracellular fluid.

Front 42

Interstitial lamellae

Back 42

Fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed (absorbed) during bone rebuilding or growth.

Front 43

Outer circumferential lamellae

Back 43

Lamellae that encircle the bone just beneath the periosteum.

Front 44

Innter circumferential lamellae

Back 44

lamellae that encircle the medullary cavity.

Front 45

Spongy bone tissue

Back 45

1. Has trabeculae ("little beams)
2. Irregular lattice work of thin columns
3. Receive blood supply directly from blood in medullary cavities.
4. Is lightweight
5. Support and protect red bone marrow.

Front 46

Periostal arteries

Back 46

1. Enter diaphysis thru many perforating (volkmann's) canals.
2. Supply periosteum and outer part of compact bone.

Front 47

Nutrient artery

Back 47

Passes through large hole (nutrient foramen) near center of diaphysis.

Front 48

Intramembranous ossification

Back 48

Takes place in flat bones of skull and mandible.
1. Development of ossification center
2. calcification
3. formation of trabeculae
4. development of periosteum.

Front 49

Development of ossification during intramembranous ossification

Back 49

Mesenchymal cells cluster, then differentiate. Osteoblasts secrete the organic matrix of bone until they are surrounded by it.

Front 50

Calcification during intramembranous ossification

Back 50

1. Secretion of matrix stops
2. Cells now calles osteocytes, lie in lacunae and extend narrow cytoplasimc processes into canaliculi that radiate in all directions.

Front 51

Formation of trabeculae during intramembranous ossification

Back 51

As bone matrix forms, it develops into trabeculae that fuse with one another to form spongy bone.

Front 52

Development of periosteum during intramembranous ossification

Back 52

At periphery of bone, mesenchyme condense and develops into periosteum. Eventually, thin layer of compact bone replaces the surface layers of spongy bone, but spongy bone remains the center.

Front 53

Steps of endochondral ossification

Back 53

1. Development of cartilage
2. growth of cartilage model
3. Development of of the primary ossification center
4. Development of second ossification center
5. Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Front 54

Epiphyseal plate

Back 54

layer of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of growing bone.

Front 55

Four zones of epiphyseal plate

Back 55

1. zone of resting cartilage
2. zone of proliferating cartilage
3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4. zone of calcified cartilage.

Front 56

Zone of resting cartilage

Back 56

chondrocytes are not actively contributing to bone growth, acts to anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

Front 57

Zone of Proliferation

Back 57

chondrocytes proliferate to replace dying chondrocytes from calcification; chondrocytes are stacked into parallel columns

Front 58

Zone of Maturation

Back 58

chondrocytes hypertrophy and accumulate glycogen and lipid, secrete alkaline phosphatase - involved in formation of calcified cartilage spicules

Front 59

Zone of Calcification

Back 59

hypertrophied cells become surrounded by calcified cartilage and die; trabeculae form as osteoblasts secrete bone onto calcified cartilage spicules

Front 60

appositional growth

Back 60

Growth by the addition of new layers on those previously formed, characteristic of tissues formed of rigid materials.

Front 61

Bone remodeling

Back 61

absorption of bone tissue and simultaneous deposition of new bone

Front 62

Bone resorption

Back 62

breakdown of matrix by osteoclasts

Front 63

Compound fracture

Back 63

"open fracture"
Broken ends of the bone protrude thru skin.

Front 64

Simple fracture

Back 64

Does not break skin

Front 65

Comminuted fracture

Back 65

"minuted = crumbled"
The bone splinters at the site of impact.
Smaller fragments lie between the two main fragments.

Front 66

Greenstick fracture

Back 66

partial fracture.
one side of the bone is broken, other bends.
Only occurs in children.

Front 67

Impactured fracture

Back 67

One end is forcefully driven into the interior end of the other.

Front 68

Pott's fracture

Back 68

Fracture of distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula).
Serious injury to the distal tibial articulation.

Front 69

Colle's fracture

Back 69

Fracture at distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius). Distal fragment is displaced posteriorly.

Front 70

Stress fracture

Back 70

series of microscopic fissures in bone that forms w/o evidence of injury to other tissues.

Front 71

Step 1 of bone repair

Back 71

Formation of fracture hematoma
"hemat = blood" "oma = tumor"
blood vessels (in periosteum, osteons, medullary cavity and perforating canals) )are broken crossing the fracture line, creating a clot.

Front 72

Step 2 of bone repair

Back 72

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation -
Capillaries grow into the area and macrophages clean up debris.

Front 73

Step 3 of bone repair

Back 73

Bony callus formation

Front 74

osteoporosis

Back 74

"por = passageway"
"osis = condition"
A condition of porous bones.
Bone resorption outpaces bone deposition, due to calcium depletion.

Front 75

Osteoarthritis

Back 75

"arth = joint"
Degeneration of articular cartilage, bony ends touch.

The friction against bones worsens the condition.

Associated with the elderly.

Front 76

Osteogenic sarcoma

Back 76

"sarcoma = C.T tumor"
Primarily affects osteoblasts & occurs most often in teenagers during growth spurt.

Front 77

The crystalized mineral salts in bone contribute to bone's _________, while the collagen fibers and other organic molecules privde bone with _________.

Back 77

hardness, tensile strength.

Front 78

Compact bone tissue is composed of _______; spongy bone tissue is composed of ____________.

Back 78

osteons (haversian systems), trabeculae.

Front 79

Endochondral ossification refers to the formation of bone within _________; intramembraneous ossification refers to the formation of bone directly from _______.

Back 79

hyaline cartilage, loose fibrous connective tissue membranes.

Front 80

The activity of the epiphyseal plate is the only mechanism by which the diaphysis can increase in length.

True or false?

Back 80

True

Front 81

Homeostasis in bone occurs when there is a balance between formation of bone by osteocytes and resorption of bone by osteoclasts.

True or false?

Back 81

false

Front 82

Osteomyelitis

Back 82

An infection of bone. Usually caused by bacteria (staphylococcus aureus).

Bacteria may reach bone via open fractures, penetrating wounds or orthpedic surgical procedures.

Front 83

Osteopenia

Back 83

"penia = poverty"
Reduced bone mass due to a decrease in the rate of bone synthesis to a level insufficient to compensate for normal bone resorption.