Theories Of Personality Final

Front 1

Psychoanalytic Approach

Back 1

i. Allow a positive regard for the analyst as a base for treatment
ii. Understand transference
iii. Unconscious conflict results in symptoms
iv. Develop a working alliance
v. Analyze the transference
vi. Explore conflicts that may be connected to symptoms

Front 2

Adlerian Approach

Back 2

i. Studies family constellations in terms of psychological position
ii. Do not recognize a causality, one-to-one relationship between family position and sibling traits

Front 3

Analytical Approach

Back 3

i. Dialogue between two people undertaken to facilitate growth, healing, and a new synthesis of the patient’s personality at a higher level of functioning
ii. Work through personal problems and gains greater understanding of one’s inner and outer worlds
iii. Offers pa on human psyche and encompasses conscious and unconscious elements
iv. Deals with mental and moral conflicts of normal people

Front 4

Client Centered Approach

Back 4

i. Believe in potential for human growth, and both believe that growth results from a relationship in which the therapist is experienced as warm and authentic
ii. Work with subjective awareness of patient
iii. Therapist tries to understand the client’s world in whatever way the client wishes to share it

Front 5

REBT Approach

Back 5

i. People are born w/a potential to be rational as well as irrational
ii. People’s tendency to irrational thinking, self-damaging habituations, wishful thinking, and intolerance is frequently exacerbated by their culture and family group
iii. Humans perceive, think, emote, and behave simultaneously
iv. Therapists do not believe in warm relationship between client and counselor
v. REBT uses role playing, assertion training, desensitization, humor, operant conditioning, suggestion, support

Front 6

Behavior Approach

Back 6

i. Attempt to move beyond idiosyncratic practices and to base clinical practice on secure scientific foundations
ii. Trial-and-error approach

Front 7

Gestalt Approach

Back 7

i. Potential for human growth, believe growth results from a relationship in which the therapist is experienced as warm and authentic
ii. Active phenomenological approach
iii. More inclined to think in terms of an encounter in which the subjectivity of both patient and therapist is valued
iv. Provides an alternative to confrontational approach and nondirective approach
v. Paid attention to what patient is thinking
vi. Does not pretend to know the truth about what is irrational – observes process, directions patient to observe his/her thoughts, and explores alternative ways of thinking

Front 8

Cognitive Approach

Back 8

i. Emphasizes role of information processing in human responses and adaptation
ii. Views personality as shaped by the interactions between innate disposition and environment
iii. Goal is to correct faulty information processing and to help patients modify assumptions that maintain maladaptive behaviors and emotions
iv. Fosters change in patients’ beliefs by treating beliefs as testable hypotheses to be examined through behavioral experiments

Front 9

Existential Approach

Back 9

i. Therapists begin w/presuppositions about the sources of a patient’s anguish and view the patient in human rather than behavioral or mechanistic terms
ii. Helps patient to embark on a course of self-investigation in which the goals are to understand the unconscious conflict, to identify the maladaptive defense mechanisms, to discover their destructive influence, to diminish secondary anxiety by correcting these heretofore restrictive modes of dealing w/self and others, and to develop other ways of coping

Front 10

Interpersonal Approach

Back 10

i. Demystifying depression
ii. Generating options for interpersonal communication and action
iii. Increasing mastery
iv. Realizing the antidepressant effect of healthy expression of anger
v. Clarifying expectations from individuals and roles
vi. Reducing social isolation
vii. Aims to improve symptoms and interpersonal functioning by improving the way distressed individuals relate to others

Front 11

Repression

Back 11

a. Person suppresses a powerful emotion.
b. Can help repudiate or disavow impulses and wishes which cause anxiety or conflict with one’s sense of morality
c. Defenses always involve an element of self-deception
d. Symptoms are explained by their relationship to the trauma

Front 12

Countertransference

Back 12

Way therapist is influenced by patients projections

Front 13

Transference

Back 13

Feelings the patient projects onto the therapist

Front 14

Adler's Original Life Tasks

Back 14

a. Work: provides sense of satisfaction and self-worth only if benefitting others
b. Friendship: expression of membership in human race and constant need to adapt
c. Love: derives from intimacy which is necessary for survival of species. Marriage represents our greatest challenge in ability to cooperate as humans.
d. Success in one promotes success in others
e. SOCIETY, WORK, SEX
i. Society – because no person can claim self-sufficiency we are all interdependent

Front 15

Adler

Back 15

a. Mistakes in meaning of life can be corrected only by reconsidering the situation in which the faulty interpretations were made
b. All behavior occurs in a social context
c. Cooperation is a biological necessity
d. Need to belong is fundamental to human nature
e. Holism more important than reductionism – person’s goal and style of life most important
f. Treatment – help individual reconstruct assumptions and goals in accord with greater social usefulness
g. Understand specific lifestyle
h. Helping patients understand themselves
i. Strengthening social interest

Front 16

Psyche

Back 16

i. Ego: personal awareness-consciousness
ii. Personal Unconscious: mental content not occupying current awareness due to disuse or inattention
iii. Collective unconscious: common to all; contents are universal
iv. **combination of spirit, soul, and idea; he viewed psychic reality as the sum of the conscious and unconscious processes
v. Influenced biochemical processes in the body, affects the instincts, and determines one’s perception of outer reality
vi. Physical matter can only be known by psychic images of outside reality

Front 17

Shadow-Complex

Back 17

i. Balances the ego in the personal unconscious
ii. Contains everything that could or should be part of the ego but that the ego denies or refuses to develop
iii. Contains both positive and negative aspects
iv. Appear in dreams in attacking or frightening forms of the same gender as the dreamer
v. Vehicle through which archetypal images of evil emerge out of collective unconscious

Front 18

Archetypal

Back 18

i. Universal images that present themselves as ideas or images when they become conscious
ii. Represent cumulative effect of perpetually repeated experiences on human nervous systems development
iii. Repetitive subjective emotional reaction to the event is impress on the human unconscious – react in similar way to repetitions of previous events
iv. **organizing principle, a system of readiness, and a dynamic nucleus of energy

Front 19

Congruence

Back 19

a. Describes accuracy between experience, communication and awareness
b. High congruence means that communication experience, and awareness are nearly all equal

Front 20

Rogers - Patients

Back 20

a. People define themselves by observing and evaluating their own experiences. An individual’s reality is a personal and private affair which can only be known through the person.
b. Great Optimism that people can change, even when they are deeply disturbed
c. Perception that individuals are often unnecessarily self-critical and that negative self-attitudes can become positive
d. Willingness to put forth great effort to try to help people, both through individual therapy and through professional therapy and nontechnical writing
e. Willingness to demonstrate their methods publicly
f. Respect for science and research

Front 21

Rogers Basic Tendencies

Back 21

a. Every individual exists in continually changing world of experience where he/she is center.
b. Organism reactions to field as it is perceived.
c. Organism reacts as an organized whole.
d. **Basic tendency to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism
e. Behavior is goal-directed attempt of organism to satisfy needs
f. Emotion accompanies and in general facilities such goal-directed behavior
g. Understand behavior by internal frame of reference
h. Perceptual field becomes differentiated as the self

Front 22

Ellis

Back 22

a. When a highly charged emotional consequence, C, follows a significant activating event, A, event A may seem to but does not actually cause C. consequences are largely created by B – individuals belief system.

Front 23

Ellis Innate Nature

Back 23

All humans are self-talking, self-evaluating, and self-construing
b. People are not exclusively the products of social learning

Front 24

Irrational Beliefs

Back 24

a. People can stand obnoxious adversities, even though they may never like them.
b. Adversities are hardly awful, because awful is an essentially indefinable term, with surplus meaning and little empirical referent.
c. By holding that the unfortunate happenigns in their lives absolutely should not exist, people really imply that they have godly power and that whatever they want not to exist must not.
d. By contending that they are worthless persons because they have not been able to ward off unfortunate events, people hold that they should be able to control the universe and that because they are not succeeding in doing what they cannot do they are obviously worthless.

Front 25

REBT/Cognitive

Back 25

a. Does not pretend to know the truth about what is irrational – observes process, directs the patient to observe his/her thoughts, and explores alternative ways of thinking in a manner that values and respects what the patient experiences and comes to believe ---different from REBT

Front 26

REBT Success

Back 26

individuals who have anger disorders, religious clients, and with school children

Front 27

Waves

Back 27

a. First wave focused on modifying overt behavior, second wave addressed cognitions, third wave addresses mindfulness and self-awareness and includes DBT and acceptance and commitment therapy.

Front 28

Eysneck Personality Dimensions

Back 28

a. Introverson/Extraversion – refers to characteristics usually associated w/the words
b. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability – ranging from moody and touchy to stable and even-tempered
c. *Genetically determined and introverts are more responsive to conditioning procedures

Front 29

Social Learning Theory

Back 29

a. Examination of the individual’s development history and his/her own idiosyncratic meanings and interpretations of events
b. A system that combines operant/conditional condition w/cognitive meditational processes to account for the development, maintenance, and modification of behavior
c. Vicarious learning (modeling), symbolic processes, and self-regulatory mechanisms

Front 30

Classical Conditioning

Back 30

a. A form of learning in which existing responses are attached to new stimuli by paring those stimuli w/those that naturally elicit the response

Front 31

Positive Reinforcers

Back 31

increase the frequency or a response followed by a favorable event

Front 32

Negative Reinforcers

Back 32

increase in behavior as result of avoiding or escaping an aversive event that one would have expected to occur

Front 33

Punishment

Back 33

aversive event is contingent on response; the result is a decrease in frequency of the response

Front 34

Vicarious Learning

Back 34

a. Modeling is consistent with its emphasis on cognitive processes
b. People acquire new knowledge and behavior by observing other people and events without engaging in the behavior and w/o any direct consequences

Front 35

Self-Efficacy

Back 35

a. Clients beliefs that they can cope with formerly feared situations
b. For efficacy to change the client must make a self-attribution of behavioral change

Front 36

Systematic Desensitization

Back 36

a. A step-by-step procedure for replacing anxiety w/relaxation while gradually increasing exposure to an anxiety-producing situation or object

Front 37

Cognitive Distortion

Back 37

Pervasive and systematic errors in reasoning

Front 38

Personalization

Back 38

a. Attribution of personal responsibility (or causal role or blame) for events over which a person has no control.

Front 39

Existential Therapist - Conflict

Back 39

a. Asks deep questions about the nature of the human being being depressed
b. Questions meaning, creativity, and love

Front 40

Yalom Ultimate Concerns

Back 40

a. Pathological, existential, and transpersonal
b. Death, freedom, isolation, and meaning
i. Freedom – psychological awareness
ii. Isolation – pertains to our aloneness in the universe
iii. Meaning – find some meaning, invent a purpose enough to support life
iv. Death – awareness of our inevitable demise
c. Choice, responsibility, mortality, and purpose of life

Front 41

Interpersonal Depression

Back 41

i. Grief
ii. Interpersonal disputes
iii. Role Transitions
iv. Interpersonal deficits
v. Depressongenic triggers become focus of ITP
vi. Focus on the recovery from the current depressive episode by clarifying the relationship between the onset of patient’s current depressive symptoms and interpersonal problems, and building interpersonal skills to resolve or manage more effectively these interpersonal problems.

Front 42

Sick Role

Back 42

i. They are suffering from a depression that does not let them function at an optimal level; tell them that they may temporarily need to lower expectations for what they can accomplish but need to do therapeutic work
ii. Giving them a name, allowing them to take on the role and instill hope about recovering in itself
1. Demystifies the patients symptoms by grouping them as part of a known syndrome
2. Excuses the patient from blame for the illness and what it makes them able to do or not do
3. Separates patients disorder from personality and identifies it as treatable
4. Gives patients permission to experiment w/interpersonal strategies

Front 43

Worldview

Back 43

ideas and beliefs, shaped by one's culture, that influence the way an individual interprets the world and interacts w/it

Front 44

Re-Attribution Counseling

Back 44

Test automatic thoughts and assumptions by considering alternative causes of events
b. Encourage reality testing and appropriate assignment of responsibility by requiring examination of all factors that impinge on a situation

Front 45

Addressing Framework

Back 45

a. Recognizes the interacting cultural influences on age, developmental and acquired disabilities, religion, ethnicity, ses, sexual orientation, indigenous heritage, national origin, and gender

Front 46

Gestalt

Back 46

a. Principles of “wholeness” in perception, learning and problem solving.
b. Developed organizing principles such as of closure and figure/ground.

Front 47

Cognitive Model

Back 47

a. Characterizes depression
b. Negative view of self, the world, and the future and perceives the self as inadequate, deserted, and worthless
c. Cognitions are organized in a hierarchy, each level differing from the next in its accessibility and stability
d. Emphasizes impact of cognitive deficits in psychopathology

Front 48

Client Centered Perceptions

Back 48

i. Trusts the person’s inner resources for growth and self realization, in spite of his/her impairments or environmental limitations
ii. Belief in the client’s inherent growth tendency and right to self-determination is expressed, in practice, through commitment to the nondirective attitude
iii. Client is unique person

Front 49

4 Stages of Analytical Psychotherapy

Back 49

1. Analysis of Transference
2. Active Imagination
3. Dream Analysis
4. Types of Dreams

Front 50

Analysis of Transference

Back 50

i. Transference projections onto the therapist mirror the personal history of the patient – relate to therapist
ii. Patients realize that the projection belong to themselves and not to others

Front 51

Active Imagination

Back 51

i. Help patients get in touch w/unconscious material – meditative imagery
ii. Clearing the mind and concentrating intensely, so inner images can be activated
iii. Allows for unconscious images to reveal themselves w/little conscious intervention

Front 52

Dream Analysis

Back 52

i. Accurate renderings of something to which one may need to pay attention and take as seriously as conscious event
ii. Represent wishes and fears, often express impulses
iii. Role a dream may play in relation to the patients conscious attitude
iv. What does the dream reveal about the patient’s own behavior and character
v. Unconscious and the dream are relied on far more than the therapists interpretation

Front 53

Types of Dreams

Back 53

i. Initial, recurrent, dreams w/shadow material, and dreams about the therapist
ii. Initial – path therapy may take and transference
iii. Recurrent – suggest problematic complexes and/or repressed traumatic event
iv. Patient shadow – dreams w/rage violence or immoral conduct
v. Therapist, setting, or therapy itself bring light to transference feelings of which patient is unaware/fearful

Front 54

Freud Childhood Sexuality

Back 54

a. Related to fixation – lingering investment in objects and activities from an earlier developmental period
b. Regression – reinvestment of psychic energy in an earlier period
c. Child has sexual instincts from the first moment – during development different parts of the body become energized w/sexual energy
d. First object of sexuality is mother’s breast

Front 55

Oral

Back 55

e. Gratification obtained through mouth
i. Teeth often signal the onset of oral aggressiveness
ii. Mouth is first area child can control

Front 56

Anal

Back 56

f. Anal – not controlling becomes means of gaining negative attention, rise of physiological control becomes a source of pleasure and also results in parental approval
i. 18 months to 3 years – libidinal pleasure is derived from retaining and expelling feces

Front 57

Phallic

Back 57

g. Phallic – child develops fantasies w/parents, master competitive urges, acquire appropriate behaviors/identity

Front 58

Latency

Back 58

h. Latency – child forms relationships w/people outside immediate family, develops moral conscience, superego becomes solidified

Front 59

Genital

Back 59

develop mature relationships, blended w/intimacy
i. Heterosexual relations are achieved – basis for a mature personality

Front 60

Here and Now

Back 60

Therapists use own feelings as a barometer of what is happening.
Maintain focus on what is transpiring in therapeutic relationship.