Theories Midterm 1, Chapter 1

Front 1

Many theories books claim that __________ is the father of psychotherapy.

Back 1

Sigmund Freud

Front 2

What statement best captures the relationship between Freud and Pierre Janet?

Back 2

From Janet's perspective, Freud's ideas were far from original.

Front 3

What does "In psychology, even the rats are white and male" mean?

Back 3

Most psychologoical theories were developed by white men of European descent.

Front 4

Trephining is similar in some ways to what 20th-century technique?

Back 4

prefrontal lobotomy

Front 5

What are the core competencies of multicultural practice?

Back 5

Self-awareness, knowledge, culture-specific skills

Front 6

What is the difference between counseling and psychotherapy?

Back 6

Counselors and psychotherapists engage in the same behaviors in different proportions.

Front 7

A theory must accurately describe, explain and predict a wide range of therapist and client behaviors. It must also:

Back 7

Have relevance to its domain, help predict client responses to various therapy techniques, provide therapists with a clear model or foundation from which they can conduct professional service.

Front 8

In psychology, theories are often used to:

Back 8

generate hypotheses about human thinking, emotions, and behavior; explain what causes client problems or psychopathology.

Front 9

What is the role of theory in counseling and psychotherapy?

Back 9

Theories should explain the causes of mental disorders and outline methods for therapy.

Front 10

In 1952, who published a critique of the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Back 10

Hans Eysenck

Front 11

Pooling and obtaining an overall average effect size obtained from outcome measures across a diverse range of research studies is called:

Back 11

meta-analysis

Front 12

"Does psychotherapy work under specific, well-controlled, experimental conditions?" refers to:

Back 12

Efficacy

Front 13

________ studies have strong external validity but weak internal validity.

Back 13

Effectiveness

Front 14

__________ factors are believed to be shared by all forms of psychotherapy.

Back 14

Nonspecific or common

Front 15

According to Lambert (1992), which factors account for the greatest percentage of therapeutic change?

Back 15

Client-specific factors and factors that exist in the client's environment (extratherapeutic factors)

Front 16

What is the Dodo Bird Effect?

Back 16

The idea that different therapist theoretical orientation and different techniques do not produce different results.

Front 17

Due to his support of the Dodo Bird Effect theory, Bruce Wampold recommends that training programs should place greater emphasis on training future therapists in:

Back 17

Core therapeutic skills

Front 18

Which alternative is not one of the 4 common therapy factors identified by Lambert in his empirical analysis?

Back 18

Determination

Front 19

What is one example of a dual relationship between a therapist and a client?

Back 19

The two having a sexual relationship, a therapist employing a client, the two becoming friends, a therapist providing financial support to a client...

Front 20

_______ is a central principle of successful counseling and psychotherapy.

Back 20

Confidentiality

Front 21

What is informed consent?

Back 21

Letting clients know about and consent to the ways in which you intend to work with them and the situations in which you are legally required to break confidentiality.

Front 22

Lilienfield (2007) conducted a systemic review of psychotherapy outcomes to identify approaches that produce negative results. He referred to these therapy approaches as ______

Back 22

Potentially harmful therapies

Front 23

The ortgeist is:

Back 23

The spirit of the place

Front 24

In Ch. 1, being prepared for the spirit of mischief refers to ________

Back 24

poltergeist

Front 25

What does zeitgeist mean?

Back 25

The spirit of the time

Front 26

What are 4 alternative historical-cultural realities or perspectives described in Ch. 1?

Back 26

1. Biomedical perspective (trephining, lobotomies)

2. Religious/spiritual perspective (mystics, shamans, elders, emotional healing)

3. Psychosocial perspective (interactions & relationships)

4. Feminist Multicultural perspective (relationships & community effects)

Front 27

Counseling or Psychotherapy?

Less directive, a little deeper, longer work, higher fees.

Back 27

Psychotherapy

Front 28

Counseling or Psychotherapy?
More directive, perspective of developmental normalcy, work on practical problems, briefer, lower fees

Back 28

Counseling

Front 29

Capacity for producing a desired result or effect:

Back 29

Efficacy

Front 30

Both counseling and psychotherapy can be defined with four key factors:

Back 30

1. Process involving a trained professional

2. Practice is based on theory

3. Follows accepted ethical guidelines

4. Professionals have skills and competencies for working with diverse individuals

Front 31

A good theory can do these 3 things:

Back 31

Describe, explain, predict

Front 32

What were Hans Eysenck's findings?

Back 32

No evidence attested to psychotherapy's beneficial effects.

Front 33

What is "effect size"?

Back 33

A statistic used to estimate how much change is produced by a particular intervention

Front 34

What were Smith & Glass's conslusions in their 1977 meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcomes?

Back 34

The average client was better off than 75% of people who received no treatment. Later the number was increased to 80%.

Front 35

What is "the great psychotherapy debate"?

Back 35

The continuing discussion about whether psychotherapy is more effective than providing no treatment

Front 36

What are Lambert's common factors and how much does each contribute to the therapeutic outcome?

Back 36

1. Extratherapeutic factors (40%)

2. Therapeutic relationship (30%)

3. Expectancy or the placebo effect (15%)

4. Techniques (15%)

Front 37

Efficacy or Effectiveness?

Experimental designs that maximize internal validity; researchers comment on causal mechanisms

Back 37

Efficacy

Front 38

Efficacy or Effectiveness?

Experimental designs that maximize external validity; researchers comment on generalizability of their findings

Back 38

Effectiveness

Front 39

Manual interventions that show superior results to placebo treatments are:

Back 39

Empirically supported treatments

Front 40

Practice principles based on empirically supported treatments are:

Back 40

Evidence-based practice

Front 41

What are the three dimensions of good ethics codes?

Back 41

Competence & informed consent, multicutural competence, confidentiality

Front 42

What are 3 primary strategies for attaining competence in counseling or psychotherapy?

Back 42

working out your own issues; working within a learning community; skills practice and feedback

Front 43

What are 3 dimensions of multicultural competence?

Back 43

self-awareness, multicultural knowledge, culturally-specific techniques

Front 44

Why is sexual contact between therapist and client now referred to as sexual abuse of clients?

Back 44

There's an inherent power imbalance which can cause clients significant psychological and emotional damage

Front 45

Client deterioration or negative outcomes can be linked to what 3 sources?

Back 45

therapist factors, client factors, specific psychological interventions

Front 46

What type of therapist is likely to produce high rates of negative outcomes?

Back 46

Shows little empathy or warmth, overly confrontational or intrusive therapy methods, using inadequate or inaccurate assessment procedures, personality or approach is a poor fit

Front 47

What type of client is most likely to obtain negative outcomes?

Back 47

Low motivation, high psychopathology, limited personal resources

Front 48

Collecting data (sometimes every session) pertaining to client symptoms or satisfaction is referred to as:

Back 48

Practice-based evidence