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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Junctions |
These junctions connect adjacent cells mechanically at the cell membranes or through cytoskeletal elements within and between cells.
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Tight Junctions |
leak proof seal between cells.They keep materials from leaking out of organs like the stomach and bladder.
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Desmosomes
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“spot welds” They also use cadherin glycoprotein (plus intermediate filaments) to hook into cytoplasm. Found in skin cells and heart.
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Hemidesmosomes
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half-welds that join cells to the basement membrane. These are found connecting epithelial tissue to the basement membrane.
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Gap Junctions
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are pores (connexons) that allow small substances to pass between cells. Sick or dead cells seal to prevent damage to other cells. Found in places like the heart, GI tract and uterus.
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Epithelial Tissue
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-Cells are arranged in sheets
-Cells are densely packed -Many cell junctions are present -Epithelial cells attach to a basement membrane -Epithelial tissue is avascular but does have a nerve supply -Mitosis occurs frequently |
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Merocrine secretion
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Merocrine secretion is the most common. The gland releases its product by exocytosis and no part of the gland is lost or damaged .
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Apocrine glands
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Bud their secretions off through the PM, producing vesicles in the lumen of the gland.The end of the cell breaks off, leaving a milky, viscous odorless fluid.
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Tissue
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a group of cells with a common origin and function:
- solid – bone - semisolid – fat (adipose tissue) - liquid – blood |
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Pathologist
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a physician who examines cells and tissues for any changes that might indicate disease
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What is a biopsy and why are they performed?
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Is the removal of a sample of living tissue for microscopic examination. Used to help diagnose many disorders, especially cancer, and to discover the cause of unexplained infections and inflammations. |
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Cell junctions
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Contact between cells
- tight junctions - adherens junctions - desmosomes - hemidesmosomes - gap junctions |
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Epithelial vs Connective Tissue |
Epithelial is avascular and forms surface layers, tightly packed with little ECM. Always found together for blood supply |
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General Features of Epithelial Tissue
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Cells are densely packed & arranged in sheetsApical surface = top; basal = bottomEpithelial cells attach to a basement membrane – a thin extracellular layer found between epithelial and connective tissues. Usually 2 layers thick. Avascular Has a nerve supplyMitosis occurs frequently
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2 Types of Epithelial Tissue
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Covering/Lining epithelium
Glandular epithelium |
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Covering/Lining epithelium
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outer covering of skin, some internal organs, inner lining of blood vessels; linings of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
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Glandular epithelium
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the secreting portions of glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, and sweat glands
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Surfaces of Epithelial Cells and the Basement Membrane
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surface that is not attached to another tissue (apical surface). This surface is lining a body surface or a tube.
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Arrangements of Epithelial tissue |
Simple Pseudostratified Stratified |
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Epithelial Cell Shapes |
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar |
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Glandular Epithelium - Endocrine Glands
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the secretions of endocrine glands are called hormones. Their secretions enter interstitial fluid and then diffuse directly into the bloodstream.
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Gland
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consists of single cells or groups of cells that secrete substances into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood.
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2 Types of Epithelial membranes
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Mucous membranes – open to the outside; digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. Mucus is germicidal, it lubricates, and produces digestive enzymes
Serous membranes – do not open to the outside; covers organs w/in cavities – pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum |
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Cutaneous membranes |
skin
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Synovial membranes
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produces synovial fluid that lubricates and nourishes cartilage
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3 types of muscle tissue
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Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle |
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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attached to bones - primary functions: voluntary motion, posture, heat, protection
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Location: heart - primary functions: pumps blood; involuntary
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Location: eyes, walls of hollow internal organs, airways to lungs - primary functions: involuntary motions, especially contractions
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Two kinds of cells
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Neurons - Most neurons have a cell body, dendrites, and axons. They carry sensory and motor information and perform integrative functions.
Neuroglia protect and support neurons |
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Aging and Tissues
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Epithelial tissue gets thinner and connective tissues become more fragile leading to increased: Wrinkles, Susceptibility to bruising, Loss of bone density, Loss of skeletal muscle mass, Decline in heart pumping action, Decreased smooth muscle action, Aging also slows the process of tissue repair
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Tissue Repair
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-Epithelial cells are replaced by the division of stem cells.
-Not all connective tissue cells have the ability to repair. -Muscle cells can perform limited repair -Some nervous cells can perform limited repair, others cannot -Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue |
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Disorders of tissues
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Epithelial tissues tend to be specific to individual organs Skin cancer
Disorders of connective tissues tend to be autoimmune in nature Lupus |
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8 Types of Epithelial Tissue |
Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Stratified Squamous Stratified Cuboidal Transitional |
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Simple Squamous
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Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, also the peritoneum, pleura and pericardium. Filtration and Secretion |
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Simple Cuboidal
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Covers surface of ovary; lines anterior of lens of eye, liines kidney tubules
Secretion and Absorption |
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Ciliated Simple Columnar
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Brochioles of respiratory tract, uterine tubes, sinuses Move mucus and foreign particles |
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Nonciliated Simple Columnar |
Lines gastrointestinal tract (stomach to anus) ducts of glads and gallbladder Secretion and Absoption |
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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respiratory tract (nasal cavity to bronchi) Epididymis, male urethra
Absoption and protection, ciliated secrete and move |
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Stratified Squamous
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Keratinized forms superficial layer of skin; Wet surfaces - vagina, tongue, esophagus, anal canal
Protection against abrasion, water loss, invasion. |
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Stratified Cuboidal
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ducts (sweat and sperm), follicles of ovaries
protection, limited secretion |
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Stratified Columnar
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bladder, urinary tract, urethra some glands
protection secretion |
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Transitional
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Urinary bladder, ureter and urethra Allows urinary organs to stretch |
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Endocrine Glands |
Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid regulate hormones and maintain homeostasis |
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Exocrine Glands |
Salivary glands, ear wax glands of skin, pancreas lower body temp |
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Connective Tissue Cells
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blasts = immature cells - dividing rapidly
cytes = mature cells – reduced capacity for cell division; cell maintenance and or function Major types of cells in connective tissue: Fibroblasts. Macrophages. Plasma cells. Mast cells. Adipocytes. Leukocytes (Eosinophils and Neutrophils) |
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Embryonic Connective Tissue
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Mesenchyme - embryo (months 1-2); forms almost all other types of connective tissueMucous – present mainly in fetus (3rd month – birth); found in the umbilical cord
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