Chapter 4 The Tissue Level Of Organization

Front 1

Ectoderm

Back 1

most superficial layer , develops into nervous tissue and the intergumentary system

Front 2

Mesoderm

Back 2

poorly organized middle layer , give rise to connective and most muscle tissues

Front 3

Endoderm

Back 3

inner layer , develops into many different tissues including th linings of internal tubes of the body.

Front 4

Epithelial tissue

Back 4

Covers exposed surfaces , lines internal passageways , form glands. function in protection, secretion, absorption.

Front 5

connective tissue

Back 5

fills internal spaces , support other tissues , transport materials, store nutrients

Front 6

muscle tissue

Back 6

generates forces to permit movement , specialized for contraction , skeletal muscle, heart muscle , and walls of hollow organs.

Front 7

neural tissue

Back 7

Non Conductive support elements and conductive elements that help maintain communication. carries electrical signals from 1 part pf the body to another .

Front 8

Epithelia

Back 8

cellularity composed of cells with little to no extracellular substance . Polarity ( apical and basal surface that is exposed and a basilar surface that is attached.

Front 9

Basement membrane

Back 9

Used to attach the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue. consist

Front 10

Basal lamina

Back 10

or lamina lucida consisting of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelial cells . Act as a barrier

Front 11

reticular lamina

Back 11

reticular lamina produced and secreted by the underlying connective tissues.

Front 12

Avascular

Back 12

has no direct blood supply but must rely on transport of materials across the basement membrane .

Front 13

Regeneration

Back 13

has a very high capacity of mitosis that permits repair and regrowth.

Front 14

tight junctions

Back 14

lateral membranes are zipped together end to end to create an impenetrable barrier ( Gi and upper respiratory tract) prevents passage of water and solutes.

Front 15

Gap Junctions

Back 15

allow rapid , direct cell to cell passages created by transmembranous proteins that allow ions to pass. used for cell to cell transport in heart, smooth muscle.

Front 16

Desmosomes

Back 16

mechanical couplings that prevent tissue separation. it is where strength and stretch are needed, heart , skin , cervix, allow bending and twisting.

Front 17

dense areas

Back 17

plaques on the intracellular surface

Front 18

intercellular cement

Back 18

proteoglycans

Front 19

hemidesmosomes

Back 19

stabilizes the epithelial cell and anchors it to the underlying tissues .

Front 20

repairing and replacing epithelial

Back 20

epithelia are replaced by division of germinative cells ( stem cells) near basal lamina tend to be cuboidal in shape.

Front 21

simple epithelium

Back 21

single layer of cells in touch with the Basal membrane,

Front 22

stratified epithelium

Back 22

at least two layers with only a single layer in touch with the BM

Front 23

pseudostratified epithelium

Back 23

gives the appearance of being stratified yet all the cells are in touch with the BM .

Front 24

squamous epithelia