Tissue Level Of Organization

Front 1

What are the 4 types of tissues in the human body?

Back 1

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous

Front 2

What are the 4 functions of Epithelial tissue?

Back 2

*protection
*permeability
*sensation
*secretion (via glandular epithelium)

Front 3

Characteristics of Epithelia

Back 3

*avascular
*regeneration
*cellularity
*attachment via basement membrane
*polarity (apical and basal surfaces)

Front 4

Surface area can be increased 2 ways

Back 4

*cilia (move fluids)
*microvilli (increase absorption and secretion)

Front 5

Classes of Epithelia

Back 5

*simple
*stratified

Front 6

Shapes of Epithelial Cells

Back 6

*squamous
*cuboidal
*columnar

Front 7

2 types of Squamous Epithelia

Back 7

*simple squamous epithelia
*stratified squamous epithelia

Front 8

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Back 8

*absorption & diffusion
*mesothelium
*endothelium

Front 9

Mesothelium

Back 9

*lines body cavities

Front 10

Endothelium

Back 10

*lines heart and blood vessels

Front 11

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

Back 11

*protection
*keratin adds strength and water resistance

Front 12

2 types of Cuboidal Epithelia

Back 12

*Simple cuboidal epithelium
*Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 13

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 13

*absorption & secretion
*lines kidney tubules

Front 14

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 14

*protection, secretion & absorption
*sweat and mammary ducts

Front 15

3 types of Columnar Epithelia

Back 15

*simple columnar epithelium
*stratified columnar epithelium
*pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 16

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 16

*absorption & secretion
*always has microvilli
*stomach, intestine, gallbladder, etc

Front 17

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 17

*protection
*the thickest

Front 18

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 18

*cilia movement
*nasal cavity

Front 19

Glandular Epithelia - 2 types of glands

Back 19

*endocrine glands
*exocrine glands

Front 20

Endocrine Glands

Back 20

*secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid
*no ducts

Front 21

Exocrine Glands

Back 21

*release hormones onto epithelial surface
*has ducts

Front 22

3 Modes of Secretion via Exocrine Glands

Back 22

*Merocrine
*Apocrine
*Holocrine

Front 23

Merocrine

Back 23

*produced by ribosomes on ER & packaged by Golgi
*released in vesicles via exocytosis
*sweat glands

Front 24

Apocrine

Back 24

*produced in Golgi
*released by shedding of the cytoplasm
*mammary glands

Front 25

Holocrine

Back 25

*released by cells bursting, killing the gland cells
*reproduced by stem cells
*sebaceous gland

Front 26

Functions of Connective Tissue

Back 26

*connect epithelial tissue to the rest of the body via basal lamina
*provide structure (bone)
*transport materials (blood)
*energy reserve (adipose tissue)
*have no contact w/ external environment

Front 27

3 Classifications of Connective Tissue

Back 27

*Connective Tissue Proper
*Fluid Connective Tissue
*Supportive Connective Tissue

Front 28

2 Categories of Connective Tissue Proper

Back 28

*Loose Connective Tissue
*Dense Connective Tissue

Front 29

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 29

*more ground substance, less fiber
*ex: fat

Front 30

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 30

*more fibers, less ground substance
*ex: tendons and ligaments

Front 31

3 Types of Connective Tissue Fibers

Back 31

*Collagen
*Elastic
*Reticular

Front 32

Collagen Fiber

Back 32

*most common type of cartilage
*stiff, yet flexible
*resiste force in one direction
*ex: tendons & ligaments

Front 33

Elastic Fiber

Back 33

*contain elastin
*returns to original length after stretching
*ex: elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Front 34

Reticular Fiber

Back 34

*network of fibers
*strong and flexible
*resist pull in many directions
*ex: sheath covering organs

Front 35

Ground Substance in Connective Tissue Proper

Back 35

*clear, colorless and viscous (thick)
*fills spaces btwn cells and slows pathogens

Front 36

3 Types of Loose Connective Tissues

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*the "packing material" of the body
*areolar
*adipose
*reticular

Front 37

Areolar Tissue

Back 37

*least specialized
*elastic fibers
*holds blood vessels and capillary beds

Front 38

Adipose Tissue

Back 38

*white fat: most common, stores fat, slows heat loss (insulation)
*brown fat: vascular, breaks down fat, produces heat

Front 39

Reticular Tissue

Back 39

*supportive fibers (stroma) that support functional cells
*reticular organs: liver, spleen, etc

Front 40

3 Types of Dense Connective Tissues

Back 40

*dense regular connective tissue
*dense irregular connective tissue
*elastic tissue

Front 41

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Back 41

*attachment and stabilization
*tendons & ligaments

Front 42

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Back 42

*interwoven networks of collagen fibers
*layered in skin, around cartilage, around bones, etc

Front 43

Elastic Tissue

Back 43

*made of elastic fibers
*elastic ligaments of vertebrae

Front 44

Fluid Connective Tissue

Back 44

*blood and lymph
*watery matrix of dissolved proteins

Front 45

Supportive Connective Tissue

Back 45

*bone & cartilage
*support soft tissues and body weight

Front 46

Bone (osteo)

Back 46

*calcified (made rigid by calcium salts and minerals)
*for weight support
*osteocytes in lacunae
*vascular
*covered by periosteum
*predominately collagen fibers
*high oxygen demand (vascularity)
*appositional (outside) growth only

Front 47

Cartilage (chondo)

Back 47

*gel-type ground substance
*for shock absorption and protection btwn 2 bones
*avascular
*covered by perichondrium
*low oxygen intake
*interstitial (inside) and appositional (outside) growth

Front 48

Cartilage Matrix

Back 48

*proteoglycans, GS filled w/ proteins, and chondrocytes

Front 49

3 Types of Cartilage

Back 49

*Hyaline
*Elastic
*Fibrocartilage

Front 50

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 50

*stiff, flexible support
*reduces friction btwn bones
*synovial joints, sternum, trachea, rib tips

Front 51

Elastic Cartilage

Back 51

*supportive, bends easily
*external ear and epiglottis

Front 52

Fibrocartilage

Back 52

*limits movement
*prevents bone to bone contact
*pads knee joint, found btwn intervertabral discs & pubic bones

Front 53

Bone

Back 53

*aka osseous tissue
*strong (calcified by calcium salt deposits)

Front 54

Bone Cells

Back 54

*osteocytes found in lacunae
*arranged around central canal
*canaliculi access blood supply

Front 55

Periosteum

Back 55

*covers bone surfaces
*cellular and fibrous layer

Front 56

4 Membrane Types

Back 56

*Synovial
*Serous
*Mucous
*Cutaneous

Front 57

Synovial Membranes

Back 57

*line articulating joint cavities
*produce synovial fluid
*protect the ends of bones
*lack true epithelium

Front 58

Serous Membranes

Back 58

*lines cavities not open to the outside
*thin but strong
*have fluid transudate
*double layer

Front 59

Double Layer of Serous Membrane

Back 59

*parietal layer - covers cavity
*visceral portion (serosa) - covers organs

Front 60

Mucous Membrane

Back 60

*lines passageways w/ external connections
*anus, mouth, respiratory, digestive, etc
*must be moist to reduce friction and to assist in secretion and absorption
*lamina propria is the areolar tissue

Front 61

Cutaneous Membrane

Back 61

*skin
*thick, waterproof & dry

Front 62

Fascia

Back 62

*body's framework of connective tissue
*allows for attachment of skin & muscles
*layers & wrappings that support or surround organs

Front 63

3 Types of Fascia

Back 63

*superficial fascia
*deep fascia
*subserous fascia

Front 64

Superficial Fascia

Back 64

*btwn skin & underlying organs
*areolar & adipose tissue
*aka subcutaneous layer/hypodermis

Front 65

Deep Fascia

Back 65

*forms a strong, fibrous internal framework
*dense CT
*bound to capsules, tendons, ligaments, etc

Front 66

Subserous Fascia

Back 66

*btwn serous membranes & deep fascia
*areolar tissue

Front 67

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

Back 67

*Cardiac
*Smooth
*Skeletal

Front 68

Classification of Muscle Cells

Back 68

*striated/nonstriated
*single nucleus/multinucleated
*volunatry/involuntary

Front 69

Skeletal Muscle Cells

Back 69

*striated, voluntary, multinucleated
*long & thin
*usually called muscle fibers
*nondividing
*new fibers usually produced by stem cells (satellite cells)

Front 70

Cardiac Muscle Cells

Back 70

*called cardiocytes
*form branching networks connected at intercalated disks
*regulated by pacemaker cells
*striated, involuntary, and single nucleus

Front 71

Smooth Muscle Cells

Back 71

*small and tapered
*can divide & regenerate
*nonstriated, involuntary and single nucleus

Front 72

Neural Tissue

Back 72

*concentrated in the central nervous system: brain and spinal cord

Front 73

2 Kinds of Neural Cells

Back 73

*Neurons
*Neuroglia

Front 74

Neurons

Back 74

*nerve cells
*perform electrical communication

Front 75

Neuroglia

Back 75

*support cells
*repair and supply nutrients to neurons

Front 76

Cell Parts of a Neuron

Back 76

*cell body
*dendrites
*axon (nerve fiber)

Front 77

Cell Body

Back 77

*contain the nucleus and nucleolus

Front 78

Dendrites

Back 78

*short branches extending from cell body
*receive incoming signal

Front 79

Axon

Back 79

*long, thin body extension
*carries outgoing message to destination

Front 80

Neuroglia

Back 80

*maintain physical structure of tissues
*repair tissue framework after injury
*perform phagocytosis
*provides nutrients to neurons