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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The largest passageways of the bronchial tree that lack cartilage are called ____
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bronchioles
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the depth of inspiration is governed by the firing frequency of neurons in a nucleus of the medulla oblongata called the ____
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inspiratory center (or DRG)
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the ability of the lungs to inflate easily, called pulmonary ____, is reduced in certain fibrotic diseases of the lungs
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compliance
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Peripheral chemoreceptors of respiration are located in the _____
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aortic or carotid bodies
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The ____ disorders of respiration do not affect vital capacity but do reduce the FEV and maximum voluntary ventilation
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obstructive
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The _____ of the pons is only hypothetical
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apneustic center
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T/F: The expiratory center of the medulla oblongata normally controls each expiration
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false
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T/F: In order to determine the vital capacity, we do not need to know the residual volume of the lungs
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true
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____ can be described as the percent of the vital capacity that can be exhaled in a given time such as 1 second?
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FEV 1.0
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________can be described as an obstructive pulmonary disorder?
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emphysema
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_______can be described as the collapse of all or part of a lung
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atelectasis
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_____ can be described as the final defense against inhaled debris
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alveolar macrophages
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_____ describes the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled in one breath
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vital capacity
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all parts of the respiratory tract that do not participate in gas exchange with blood are known as the
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conducting zone
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trace the route of air flow in the respiratory tract
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pharynx- larynx- trachea- bronchi- bronchiole
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the posterior limit of the nasal cavity is
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the choanae
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the -___ consist of mucous membranes supported by the turbinate bones
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conchae
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the largest cartilage:
-thyroid -corniculate -arytenoid -epiglottic -cricoid |
thyroid
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the primary purpose of the erectile tissues of the resp tract is to allow
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each nasal fossa to be periodically rehumidified
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the lower resp tract begins at
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the glottis
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type II alveolar cells produce _____
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pulmonary surfactant
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the difference between the amount of air you normally inhale with each breath and the amount you can inhale with maximum effort is
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the inspiratory reserve volume
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in spirometric measurements, the difference between a volume and a capacity is
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a capacity is determined by adding two or more respiratory volumes
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gasping, labored breathing, or "craving for air" is called
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dyspnea
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the ___ pressure is the gas pressure between the parietal and visceral pleurae minus the gas pressure in the alveoli
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transpulmonary
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which of these would not cause atelectasis:
-emphysema -tumor blocking a tertiary bronchus -chest puncture -pneymothorax -a marble caught in a child's bronchus |
emphysema
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___ protects the lungs from damage by over-inflation
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inflation reflex
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expiration is normally a passive process resulting from the ____ of the thoracic cage
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elasticity
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the hilum of the lung is on its
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mediastinal surface
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which structure is MOST important in keeping food out of the trachea?
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vocal/vestibular folds
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cricoid is not a ____ sinus like sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary, and frontal
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paranasal
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vibrissae are
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nasal guard hairs
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the smallest passageways in the lung to have ciliated epithelia are
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respiratory bronchioles
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the valsalva maneurver
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increases pressure in the abdominal cavity
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in keeping with ____, the warming of air as it is inahled is one factor that inflates t he lungs
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Charles's Law
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the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume (assuming constant temp) is what law?
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Boyle's Law
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The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its i ndividual gases is what law?
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Dalton's Law
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transpulmonary pressure is greater than zero during expiration and in
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pneumothorax
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suppose atm. pressure at a given time is 765 mmHg, the intrapleural pressure during inspiration is 759mmHg, and the intrapulmonary pressure is 763mmHg. Under these conditions, the transpulmonary pressure would be
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-4 mmHg
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suppose a person has a tidal volume of 650 mL, insp. reserve vol. of 3400 mL, an anatomic dead space of 155mL and resp rate of 14 bpm. what would the AVR be?
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6.93 L/min (tidal vol- ana.dead space)xresp rate
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the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves carry signals from the peripheral chemoreceptors to-___
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the medulla oblongata
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the dilated chamber inside the ala nasi of the external protruding nose is called the ____ and is lined by ___ epithelium.
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vestibule; stratified squamous
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the narrow air passages which cause turbulence are called ____ and are lined by ____
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meatuses; ciliated pseudostratified columnar
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the ___ houses the pharyngeal tonsils and receives the auditory tubes, while the ___ houses the palatine and lingual tonsils
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nasopharynx; oropharynx
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the vocal cords are anchored in the ___ cartilage and are controlled by movement of ___ cartilage(s)
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thyroid; arytenoid and corniculate
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inhaled foreign objects tend to lodge more in the right bronchus because it
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is wider and more vertical than the left
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particles stuck in mucus are moved out of the bronchioles, bronchi, and trachea to the __ by ___
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pharynx; movement of cilia
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the left lung has ___ lobes and the right lung has ___ lobes to make room for the ____
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2; 3; heart
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the bronchioles have walls with ___ that are contracted by stimulation of the ___NS
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smooth muscle; parasympathetic
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most of the wall of an aveolus consists of ___. Cells that wander the lumens of the aveoli and surrounding CT are called___.
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squamous (Type I) alveolar cells; alveolar macrophages
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Your resting ventilation rate is about ___.
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600 mL/min
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When you inhale, your lungs expand easily becuase they have...
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high compliance
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Surface tension at the surface of the water and air in alveoli resists inspiration. To decrease this surface tension, the great (Type II) alveolar cells release _____
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pulmonary surfactant.
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If your chest expands, you would predict the intrapulmonary pressure to ___ because of ___ Law
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decrease; Boyle's**
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your frequency of breathing is 12 bpm; your tidal volume is 500 mL; your vital capacity is 4700 mL; your dead space is 150 mL. your AVR is ___mL/min.
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4200**
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the amount of air that can be exhaled with max. effort after max. inspiration is called___, and the amount of air left that cannot be exhaled is called __.
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vital capacity; residual volume
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You opened a can of soda and poured it into a glass. The CO2 formed bubbles in the soda because the partial pressure of CO2 in the a ir above the soda ___, which is explained by ___ Law.
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increased; Charles'
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you measured yoru resting breathing frequency at 12 bpm with a tidal vol. of 500 mL per breath. you exercised by riding a bicycle and peddled as fast as you could for 20 min. you then stopped and measured your breathing freq. and t.v. again. you would predict that your breathing frequency would ___ and your t.v. would ____.
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increase; increase
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to help expel abdominopelvic contents during urination, defecation, or childbirth we often take a ddeep breath, hold it , and then contract the abdominal muscles. this is called the
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valsalva maneuver
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the inspiratory and expiratory centers are located in the ___, while the apneustic and pneumotaxic centers are located in the ____.
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medulla oblongata; pons
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normal quiet breathing is AKA
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eupnea
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the nuclei responsible for the eupnea is the
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DRG (dorsal respiratory group)
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the pressure between the two layers of pleura
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intrapleural pressure
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intrapleural pressure usually drops about __ mmHg during inspiration
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2
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pressure within the alveoli is called
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intrapulmonary pressure
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the difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressure is the
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transpulmonary pressure
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The presence of air in the pleural cavity is known as
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pneumothorax
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respiratory distress syndrome is often treated by
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administering artificial surfactant
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premature infants often have a deficiency of _______ and experience great difficulty breathingq
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pulmonary surfactant
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increased rate and depth of breathing in response to excercise, pain, other conditions
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hyperpnea
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which brainstem resp nucleus is indispensable to respiration?
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DRG
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Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)
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especially important in stimulating the abdominal muscles and others that produce deep breaths
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Pneumotaxic Center
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regulates chemical concentration; its output inhibits the DRG and terminates inspiration. therefore, the strong output from this center makes each breath shorter and increases resp rate
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