Chapter 23 The Respiratory System

Front 1

What is the main function of the respiratory stystem?

Back 1

Gas Exchange - To move oxygen in and move CO2 out.

Front 2

Define Ventilation

Back 2

Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of lungs

Front 3

Define External respiration

Back 3

External respiration: Gas exchange between air in lungs and blood
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 4

Define internal respiration

Back 4

Internal respiration: Gas exchange between the blood and tissues

Front 5

If the pH of the blood is acidic, then breaths get __________.

Back 5

faster

Front 6

If blood pH is basic, then breaths get ___________

Back 6

slower

Front 7

Describe voice production

Back 7

Movement of air past vocal folds in the larynx makes sound and speech

Front 8

Describe how the respiratory system functions to protect

Back 8

Protection: Against microorganisms by preventing entry and removing them. (Clean the air before it gets to the alveoli.)

Front 9

what structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

Back 9

Nasal cavity, nose, pharynx (throat)

Front 10

what structures are in the lower respiratory tract?

Back 10

Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Front 11

what are the five functions of the respiratory system?

Back 11

gas exchange
regulation of blood pH
Voice production
olfaction
protection

Front 12

what does the upper respiratory tract do?

Back 12

purifies air

Front 13

Why does the upper respiratory tract need to purify the air?

Back 13

Because the lower tract is where pathogens and contaminants can enter the body's blood stream

Front 14

Describe the function of the concha.

Back 14

The superior, middle and inferior concha (also called turbinates) case the air to stay in the nasal cavity longer, allowing for more purification of the air before it enters the lower tract

Front 15

which bone forms the concha?

Back 15

the ethmoid bone

Front 16

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

Back 16

cleaning the air and humidifying the air.

Front 17

why is it important to humidify the air in the nasal cavity?

Back 17

humidity slows down air movement - a mucosal layer of epithelial cells moistens the air so the air stays int the nose longer, giving a change to be cleaned further before moving to lower respiratory tract

Front 18

why do women have higher pitched voices then men typically?

Back 18

because women have shorter vocal folds, and men have longer.

Front 19

what is the pharynx?

Back 19

Common opening for digestive and respiratory systems

Front 20

what are the three regions of the pharynx? What moves through these regions?

Back 20

Nasopharynx - strictly for air
Oropharynx - air & food
Laryngopharynx - air & food

Front 21

Back 21

Front 22

When speaking, the arytenoid cartilage moves ___________

Back 22

medially

Front 23

What does the trachea do?

Describe

Back 23

connects larynx to the bronchi

Windpipe
Divides to form
Primary bronchi
Carina: Cough reflex

Front 24

Describe the conducting zone of the tracheobronchial tree

Back 24

No gas exchange - ventilation only
Trachea to terminal bronchioles which is ciliated for removal of debris
Passageway for air movement
Cartilage holds tube system open and smooth muscle controls tube diameter

Front 25

Describe Respiratory zone

Back 25

Respiratory bronchioles to alveoli
Site for gas exchange

Front 26

Back 26

Front 27

Does the terminal bronchiole contain alveoli?

Back 27

No

Front 28

Do respiratory bronchioles contain alveoli?

Back 28

yes

Front 29

why do lungs change shape with muscle contraction?

Back 29

serosa membranes secrete a fluid to lubricate and to create a fluid seal between lungs and thoracic cavity. The lungs are attached to the thoracic cavity by the fluid seal.

Front 30

During exercise, which intercostal muscles contract for forceful inhalation?

Back 30

external intercostal muscles

Front 31

During exercise, which intercostal muscles contract for forceful expiration?

Back 31

internal intercostal muscles

Front 32

compare and contrast inspiration

Back 32

inspiration = diaphragm contracts, leading to increase in volume, which leads to lowering in pressure inside the lungs. The external air has higher pressure and thus moves into area of lower pressure inside the lungs.

Front 33

compare and contrast
expiration

Back 33

expiration = diaphragm relaxes, leading to decrease in volume, which leads to raising in pressure inside the lungs. The external air has lower pressure and thus air moves into area of lower pressure outside the lungs.

Front 34

Pressure is _________ related to volume

Back 34

inversely

Front 35

what is a pneumothorax?

Back 35

Pneumothorax is an opening between pleural cavity and air that causes a loss of pleural pressure

Front 36

__________ pressure can cause alveoli to expand

Back 36

Negative

Front 37

What is compliance?

Back 37

Measure of the ease with which lungs and thorax expand
The greater the compliance, the easier it is for a change in pressure to cause expansion
A lower-than-normal compliance means the lungs and thorax are harder to expand

Front 38

Conditions that decrease compliance

Back 38

Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary edema
Respiratory distress syndrome

Front 39

Define tidal volume

Back 39

Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal inspiration or expiration

Front 40

Define inspiratory reserve volume

Back 40

Amount of air inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume

Front 41

define expiratory reserve volume

Back 41

Amount of air forcefully expired after expiration of normal tidal volume

Front 42

define residual volume

Back 42

Volume of air remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after the most forceful expiration

Front 43

define inspiratory capacity

Back 43

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Front 44

define functional residual capacity

Back 44

Expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume

Front 45

define vital capacity

Back 45

The maximum amount of air that can be ventilated by the lungs. Sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume

Front 46

define total lung capacity

Back 46

Sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes plus the tidal volume and residual volume

Front 47

define anatomic dead space

Back 47

Anatomic dead space: Part of respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place

Front 48

define diffusion coefficient

Back 48

how easily gas moves across a membrane

Front 49

what four things effect the diffusion coeffecient?

Back 49

membrane’s thickness, the diffusion coefficient of gas, surface areas of membrane, partial pressure of gases in alveoli and blood

Front 50

if there is a high diffusion coefficient, then there will be _________ gas exchange

Back 50

higher

Front 51

if the membrane is thicker, then there will be __________ gas exchange

Back 51

lower

Front 52

CO2 has a ________ diffusion coefficient, therefore it moves across the membrane ________

Back 52

high

easily

Front 53

O2 has a ________ diffusion coefficient, therefore it is ________ to move across a membrane

Back 53

low

more difficult than CO2

Front 54

in the lungs, the inspired air has a ___1_____ pressure of O2 and a __2_______ pressure of CO2

The capillary pressure of O2 at the lung level is __3______ and the pressure of CO2 is ____4______
Therefore, O2 moves ____5___ and CO2 moves _____6____

Back 54

1.high
2. low
3. low
4. high
5. from the alveoli into the capillaries
6. out of the capillaries and into the alveoli

Front 55

At the tissue level, the capillary blood has a ___1_____ pressure of O2 and a __2_______ pressure of CO2

The pressure of O2 in the actual tissues is __3______ and the pressure of CO2 is ____4______
Therefore, O2 moves ____5___ and CO2 moves _____6____

Back 55

1. high
2. low
3. low
4. high
5. out of the capillaries and into the tissues
6. out of the tissues into the capillaries

Front 56

What would cause a shift to the left in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Back 56

an increase in pH, a decrease in carbon dioxide, or a decrease in temperature results in an increase in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen

Front 57

What would cause a shift to the right in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Back 57

EXCERCISE!!! = Decrease in pH, an increase in carbon dioxide, or an increase in temperature results in a decrease in the ability of hemoglobin to hold oxygen

Front 58

what happens during exercise?

Back 58

increase in temperature, increase in CO2 which causes an increase in acidity of the blood (lowering pH)

Front 59

high CO2 causes more _______ blood, which causes __________ respiration rate

Back 59

acidic
higher

Front 60

Most Carbon dioxide is transported as ____________(70%) in combination with blood proteins (23%) and in solution with plasma (7%)

Back 60

bicarbonate ions

Front 61

During exercise, O2 hemoglobin saturation _________________

Back 61

decreases as O2 is freed up to enter the tissues more easily

Front 62

In tissue capillaries, carbon dioxide combines with _______ inside RBCs to form _____________ which dissociates to form __________ and _______ ions

Back 62

water
carbonic acid
bicarbonate ions
hydrogen

Front 63

In lung capillaries, ___________ and ________ ions move into RBCs and _______ ions move out. __________ ions combine with _________ions to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid is converted to ________ and water. The _________ diffuses out of the RBCs.

Back 63

bicarbonate ions
hydrogen
chloride
Bicarbonate
hydrogen
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide

Front 64

what is H2CO3?

Back 64

Carbonic Acid

Front 65

What is HCO3?

Back 65

Bicarbonate

Front 66

Explain in the tissues capillaries:
CO2 + H2O === H2CO3 === HCO3 + H

Back 66

In tissue capillaries, carbon dioxide combines with water inside RBCs to form carbonic acid which dissociates to form bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions

Front 67

Explain in the lung capillaries:
CO2 + H2O === H2CO3 === HCO3 + H

Back 67

In lung capillaries, bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions move into RBCs and chloride ions move out. Bicarbonate ions combine with hydrogen ions to form carbonic acid. The carbonic acid is converted to carbon dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide diffuses out of the RBCs

Front 68

Back 68

Front 69

Carbon dioxide is a major regulator of the

Back 69

speed of ventilation

Front 70

O2 levels in blood affect respiration when a _______ decrease from normal levels exist

Back 70

50% or greater

Front 71

If Blood pH is alkaline, then there's too little _____ and too much _____

Back 71

CO2
O2

Front 72

what happens when blood pH is alkaline?

Back 72

causes a decrease in ventilation and respiration, which decreases gas exchange, which causes and increase of CO2 in the blood, causing pH to drop.

Front 73

If Blood pH is acidic, then there's too little _____ and too much _____

Back 73

O2
CO2

Front 74

what happens when blood pH is acidic?

Back 74

causes and increase in ventilation and respiration, which causes an increase in gas exchange, which allows more CO2 to be removed, then blood pH raises.