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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two functions of gonads? |
Gametogenesis Production of steroid sex hormones |
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Draw a diagram for follicular and luteal phases in ovarian cycle |
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How do hormone levels change during menstrual cycle? |
Hypothalamus - GnRH - anterior pituitary - FSH/LH
LH surge caused by oe feedback -ve to -ve Ovulation - high progesterone prevents further +ve feedback from oe on LH |
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What happens in peripuberty? |
Inc. in activity of hypothamalic pulse generator - inc. secretions of gonadotrophins
Rise in sex steriods - 2' sexual development, growth and fertility |
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What causes menopause? |
Decline in ovarian reserve
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What are treatments of menopause? |
Hormone replacement therapy - systemic (pills, patches, implants), local (creams)
Progesteronic side effects - depression, mood swings Oesterogenic side effects - breast tenderness, bloating |
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What are methods of contraceptionn? |
Hormone release - COC or POP
IUD coil or IUS with hormones secreted Sterilisation |
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What is the site of fertilisation? |
Usually upper third of oviduct - ampulla
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How does female reproductive tract aids in sperm migration? |
Contractions of myometrium Upward contractions of oviduct smooth muscleAllurin released by mature eggs |
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Speed of flagellated movement? |
44mm/min |
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What are the events leading to fertilisation? |
Membrane binds to zona pellucida Acrosomal reaction takes place Penetration of sperm through zp to fuse with plasma membrane of ovum Forms blastocyte |
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How does endocrine system maintain pregnancy? |
Spike in hCG at start
Increase in estrogen and progesterone |
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What is the role of oestrogen? |
Stimulates
- growth of uterine myometrium - development of ductal system of breast(with relaxin) - cause relaxation & softening of pelvic ligaments - paracrine role in placentaaugment progesterone synthesis by increasing LDL cholesterol uptake |
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What is the role of Progesterone? |
maintains uterine lining substrate for synthesis of cortisol & aldosterone by foetus modulates levels of hCG & hCS alveolar pouching in breasts |
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What is hCS? |
Human chorionic somatomammotropin - secreted by syncytiotrophoblast high levels in maternal blood, low in foetal Similar action to GH Na,K,Ca retention; lipolysis;decreased glucose utilisation & diversion of glucose to fetus |
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What changes occur in pituitary during pregnancy? |
Increased secretion ofProlactin and ACTH Decreased release ofGH andGnRH |
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What changes occur in adrenals during pregnancy? |
Cortisol levels are increased - feedback to reduce ACTH attenuated Aldosterone levels increased - response to natriuretic effects of progesterone |
