The Chemical Basis Of Life

Front 1

Chemistry: the study of the nature of ___________ and the __________________________

Back 1

matter, changes that matter undergoes

Front 2

B. All living and nonliving things are composed of ___________
1. matter – anything that has _________ and occupies _________
2. mass – the amount of ___________ an object possesses
3. matter is composed of ______________

Back 2

B. Matter
1.mass, space
2.matter
3.elements

Front 3

element: the simplest form of __________ that has ____________________________

Back 3

matter, unique chemical properties

Front 4

O2 H C
Ca N P

Back 4

oxygen, hydrogen, carbon

Calcium, nitrogen, phophate

Front 5

atom: the _______________ or unit of an _____________ that retains the
_______________ of that element

Back 5

smallest part, element, chemical properties

Front 6

Structure of an atom
1. made of subatomic particles: ______, ________ & _______
2. ________ & ________ are found in the center of the atom in an area called
the___________
3. __________ circulate around the __________ in an area called the
__________ ( also called the shell or cloud)

Back 6

1.protons, neutrons & elctrons
2. Protons & neutrons, atomic nucleus
3.electrons, nucleus and automic orbital

Front 7

4. the electrons do not fly away because their __________ is attracted to the positive
charge of the protons
5. ______________ are those located in the outermost orbital and they determine the
chemical behavior or the atom

Back 7

4.negative charge
5.valence electrons

Front 8

Chemical bonding
1. two atoms of the same element or of different elements may join together t
form a ______ or a _______
a. compound – a substance made of ________ of _____________
b. molecule – the smallest part of an __________ or ________ that
can have a stable, independent existence
(1) a molecule of oxygen is made of two oxygen atoms
(2) a molecule of water is made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to an
atom of oxygen
2. chemical ________ form between the _________ of the different ________

Back 8

1.molecule, compound
a. atoms, two or more different elements
b. element, compound
2.bonds, electrons, atoms

Front 9

3. the goal of all atoms is have a __________________________ and they will share their electrons,
give up their electrons or accept electrons from another atom in order to make their outer
orbital full
4. energy is required to ________ and energy is released when a bond
is ___________

Back 9

3.full outer orbital
4.make a bond, broken

Front 10

a. ionic bonds – formed between two atoms by the ____________
b. covalent bonds – formed when two atoms _____________

Back 10

a.transfer electrons
b.share electrons

Front 11

Rate of chemical reactions may be influenced by several factors
1. how easily the substances will react with one another: depends on the _________
2. the ____________ of the ______________

Back 11

1.(# of valence electrons)
2.concentration, reactants

Front 12

3. the _________ of the environment the reactants are in: a higher temperature causes the
molecules to move more rapidly leading to more contact
4. the presence of ___________: enzymes molecules that make it easier for reactants to bond together
thus lowering amount of energy required to start the reaction

Back 12

3.temperature
4.a catalyst

Front 13

A. Two categories of chemical compounds
1. inorganic compounds: do not have a structural backbone of ___________
2. organic compounds: have a structural backbone of _____________

Back 13

1.carbon atoms
2.carbon atoms

Front 14

B. Important inorganic substances in living organisms
1. water H2O
a. functions:
(1) stabilization of body ___________
(2) reactant or product of many biochemical reactions in the body
(3) forms protective cushioning around parts of body
(4) transportation of nutrients and waste products through the body
b. imbalance: ___________

Back 14

(1)temperature
b.edema or dehydration

Front 15

2. acids and bases NaOH, HCL
a. functions: maintain correct _______ so that biochemical reactions can occur
Normal body pH is 7.35 to 7.45
b. imbalance: _______ or _______ leading to ______
3. oxygen molecules: O2
a. function: necessary for ________ to convert _______ into _______
b. imbalance: _________

Back 15

2a. PH
b. acidosis, akalosis, coma and death
3a.cell metabolism, glucose, energy
b.fatigue and death

Front 16

4. carbon dioxide molecules: CO2
a. function: waste product of cell metabolism that is removed from body by exhaling
of breath and is then absorbed into leaves of green plants to be converted by
photosynthesis into glucose
b. imbalance: ___________
5. inorganic salts NaCl
a. function: source of ________ such as ___________, ________
and _________ which are needed for functioning of the body
b. imbalance: disruption of body functions and death

Back 16

4b.coma and death
5a.electrolytes, sodium, potassium and chloride

Front 17

Four major organic compounds in living organisms
1. ________, _______, __________ and ___________
2. each is a large macromolecule made of smaller repeating units (building blocks) that are chemically
linked together
a. carbohydrates: ______________
b. lipids: __________ and ___________
c. proteins: _________
d. nucleic acids: _________

Back 17

1. Carbohydrates, lipids, protiens
a. made of simple sugars
b.made of glycerol and fatty acids
c.made of amino acids
d.made of nucleotides

Front 18

3. each macromolecule contributes to the structure and function of the living
organism
a. carbohydrates: ______________
b. lipids: _____________ and _____________ structure
c. proteins: act as ________ to catalyze reactions
__________ structure
__________ structure

Back 18

3a.energy source
b.energy source and cell membrane
c.enzymes
:cell membrane
:cytoskeleton