General Bio Ch. 2 (The Chemical Foundation Of Life), 3 (Biological Macromolecules)

Front 1

Any substance that occupies space and has mass.

Back 1

Matter.

Front 2

Has a positive charge, mass is calculated, and determines the element.

Back 2

Protons.

Front 3

Neutral charge, mass is calculated, and determines the isotope of the element.

Back 3

Neutrons.

Front 4

Negative charge, mass is negligible, and participates in chemical bonds between elements.

Back 4

Electrons.

Front 5

Elements with the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons.

Back 5

Isotopes.

Front 6

What subatomic particle(s) contribuye to mass number?

Back 6

Protons and neutrons.

Front 7

What subatomic particle(s) determines the element?

Back 7

Protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Front 8

What type of elements hog electrons?

Back 8

Electronegative elements.

Front 9

An electrons state of potential energy.

Back 9

Energy level or electron shell.

Front 10

The energy that matter has because of its location or structure.

Back 10

Potential energy.

Front 11

Elements that have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons.

Back 11

Chemically Inert Elements.

Front 12

Do not have their outermost energy level fully occupied by electrons.

Back 12

Reactive elements.

Front 13

What is the strongest type of bond?

Back 13

Covalent bond.

Front 14

Chemical relationship in which 2 or more atoms SHARE electrons to become stable.

Back 14

Covalent bonds.

Front 15

2 elements with the same electronegativity will create _____________.

Back 15

Nonpolar covalent bonds.

Front 16

2 elements with sighted different electronegativity will create __________.

Back 16

Polar covalent bonds.

Front 17

Equal sharing of electrons.

Back 17

Nonpolar covalent bond.

Front 18

Unequal sharing of electrons.

Back 18

Polar covalent bond.

Front 19

Chemical relationship in which one atom donates one or more electrons to another atom (transfer of electrons).

Back 19

Ionic bonds.

Front 20

Which bond creates ions (anions and cations)?

Back 20

Ionic bond.

Front 21

Particle that record electron = net negative change.

Back 21

Anion.

Front 22

Particle that lost electron = net post ice charge.

Back 22

Cation.

Front 23

In an ionic bond, the atom with the stronger ___________ takes ____________ from weaker.

Back 23

Electronegativity; electrons.

Front 24

Chemical relationship in which 2 or more molecules that are already stable through other bonding interactions have a weak, polar interaction.

Back 24

Hydrogen bonding.

Front 25

Weak bonds between adjacent polar molecules.

Back 25

Hydrogen bonding.

Front 26

________ is the only substance that’s solid floats as well as it’s liquid (less dense than its liquid).

Back 26

Water.

Front 27

Weak polar interaction between adjacent nonpolar covalent molecules.

Back 27

van der Waals bond

Front 28

_________ dictates function

Back 28

Form

Front 29

Major elements in the human body?

Back 29

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen.

Front 30

T or F: All chemical reactions are theoretically reversible.

Back 30

True.

Front 31

Occurs when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken.

Back 31

Chemical reaction.

Front 32

Chemical equations include ______________ and ______________.

Back 32

Reactants (what you start with); products (what you end with).

Front 33

Small molecules combine to form larger molecules; always involve bond formation.

Back 33

Synthesis reaction (a.k.a. combination or anabolic)

Front 34

Endergonic.

Back 34

Bonds store energy.

Front 35

Larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules; always involve breaking bonds.

Back 35

Decomposition reaction (a.k.a. catabolic reaction)

Front 36

Exergonic

Back 36

Release energy

Front 37

Bonds are both made and broken; involves both synthesis and decomposition.

Back 37

Exchange reaction (a.k.a. displacement or rearrangement)

Front 38

How does a higher temperature affect the rate chemical reaction?

Back 38

Faster movement.

Front 39

How does a lower temperature affect the rate chemical reaction?

Back 39

Less movement.

Front 40

How does a smaller particle size affect the rate chemical reaction?

Back 40

Easier to move.

Front 41

How does a larger particle size affect the rate chemical reaction?

Back 41

More difficult to move.

Front 42

How does more concentration affect the rate chemical reaction?

Back 42

Increased chance for collisions.

Front 43

How does less concentration affect the rate chemical reaction?

Back 43

Decreased chance for collision.

Front 44

How does a catalyst affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

Back 44

Lowers energy of activation.

Front 45

What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions?

Back 45

Temperature, particle size, concentration, and catalyst.

Front 46

Properties of water.

Back 46

Cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.

Front 47

Permits charged solutes to stay separated in a solution.

Back 47

Polarity.

Front 48

The water molecule is a ______________: the opposite ends have opposite charges.

Back 48

Polar molecule

Front 49

What is cohesion?

Back 49

Surface tension (a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid).

Front 50

What holds water molecules together?

Back 50

Hydrogen bonds hold them together through cohesion.

Front 51

____________ is an attraction between different substances.

Back 51

Adhesion.

Front 52

Water absorbs _______ from warmer air and released stored _______ to cooler air.

Back 52

Heat

Front 53

The substance that is dissolved.

Back 53

Solute

Front 54

A solution in which water is the solvent.

Back 54

Aqueous solution

Front 55

Electrolytes travel in blood separates to prevent crystallization.

Back 55

Solubility.

Front 56

Compound with highest concentration in a mixture.

Back 56

Universal solvent.

Front 57

Inorganic compounds.

Back 57

Do not contain carbon; all use covalent bonding; ex. water, salts, and many acids.

Front 58

Organic compounds.

Back 58

Contain carbon; ex. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front 59

A _____________ is one that has an affinity for water.

Back 59

Hydrophilic substance.

Front 60

A ______________ is one that does not have an affinity for water.

Back 60

Hydrophobic substance

Front 61

Heterogenous mixture in which the solutes do not settle out.

Back 61

Colloid

Front 62

If it is _____ acidic, it has more hydrogen content.

Back 62

more (ph 1-6.9)

Front 63

______________ is the energy of motion.

Back 63

Kinetic energy

Front 64

pH is a _____________ scale.

Back 64

log-rhythmic

Front 65

If it is ______ acidic, it has more hydroxide content (OH-).

Back 65

less (7.1-14)

Front 66

__________ are substances that minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution.

Back 66

Buffers

Front 67

A ___________ is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1°C.

Back 67

Calorie

Front 68

Measure of heat energy required to raise 1g of water 1 degree C (calorie).

Back 68

High specific heat.

Front 69

Water absorbs excess heat during workout without significant blood temperature increase.

Back 69

High specific heat

Front 70

Athlete sweats.

Back 70

Heat of Vaporization

Front 71

Heat energy required to convert 1g of water from liquid to gas.

Back 71

Heat of Vaporization

Front 72

Heterogenous mixture in which the solutes does settle out.

Back 72

Suspension

Front 73

Homogenous mixture.

Back 73

True solution

Front 74

The dissolving agent of a solution.

Back 74

Solvent

Front 75

What are the four classes of biological molecules?

Back 75

Carbohydrates, lipids proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front 76

What is the reverse of dehydration reaction?

Back 76

Hydrolysis.

Front 77

_____________ are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.

Back 77

Macromolecules

Front 78

_____________ is a long molecule consisting of many similar/identical building blocks.

Back 78

Polymer

Front 79

3 of 4 classes of organic molecules are polymers, name them.

Back 79

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front 80

The polymer, lipids, goes with what monomer?

Back 80

No monomer.

Front 81

The polymer, protein, goes with what monomer?

Back 81

Amino acids.

Front 82

The polymer, nucleic acids, goes with what monomer?

Back 82

DNA.

Front 83

The polymer, complex carbohydrates, goes with what monomer?

Back 83

Simple sugar.

Front 84

What is it called when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule?

Back 84

Dehydration hydrolysis.

Front 85

How do polymers breakdown?

Back 85

Hydrolysis.

Front 86

What is the quickest form of cellular energy?

Back 86

Carbohydrates

Front 87

What is an isomer?

Back 87

Same formula, different arrangement.

Front 88

What is the R in RNA?

Back 88

It is ribose which is a carbohydrate.

Front 89

What is the difference in deoxyribose and ribose?

Back 89

Ribose has an extra oxygen.

Front 90

A ____________ is formes when a dehydration reaction chemically bonds two monosaccharides.

Back 90

Disaccharide

Front 91

What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Fructose = ?

Back 91

Sucrose.

Front 92

What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Glucose = ?

Back 92

Maltose.

Front 93

What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Galactose = ?

Back 93

Lactose.

Front 94

What is a covalent bond also called?

Back 94

Glycosidic linkage.

Front 95

What are the most common disaccharides?

Back 95

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose.

Front 96

What are polysaccharides?

Back 96

Polymers of sugar.

Front 97

What are carbohydrates and what are they composed of?

Back 97

They are polysaccharides, polymers composes of many sugar building blocks.

Front 98

Name the 2 types of polysaccharides.

Back 98

Storage and structural.

Front 99

T or F: Humans can digest cellulose.

Back 99

False.

Front 100

Name the storage polysaccharides.

Back 100

Starch (amylose, amylopectin) and glycogen.

Front 101

Name the structural polysaccharide(s).

Back 101

Cellulose.

Front 102

What is the func too on and structure of a polysaccharide determined by?

Back 102

Sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages.

Front 103

What are storage polysaccharides also called?

Back 103

Complex carbohydrates.

Front 104

What is starch?

Back 104

Storage polysaccharide of plants.

Front 105

Where can starch be found?

Back 105

Potatoes and grains (wheat, corn, rice)

Front 106

Where is starch stored?

Back 106

Within chloroplasts and other plants.

Front 107

What is an amylose form in starch?

Back 107

Simple, unbranched structure.

Front 108

T or F: Sugars are carbohydrates.

Back 108

True.

Front 109

What is an amylopectin form in starch?

Back 109

Complex, branches structure.

Front 110

What is glycogen?

Back 110

Storage polysaccharide of animals/humans.

Front 111

What is the form of glycogen?

Back 111

Extensively branched.

Front 112

Where is glycogen stored?

Back 112

In the liver and skeletal muscle.

Front 113

What is cellulose?

Back 113

Major component of plant cell wall.

Front 114

What is chitin?

Back 114

It is found in the exoskeleton of anthropods, provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi, and it is a surgical suture.

Front 115

T or F: Lipids form polymers.

Back 115

False.

Front 116

If something has little or no affinity for water, it is?

Back 116

Hydrophobic

Front 117

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

Back 117

They consist nonstop of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.

Front 118

What are the most biologically important lipids?

Back 118

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Front 119

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Back 119

Glucose.

Front 120

____________ make up our cellular membrane.

Back 120

Phospholipids

Front 121

What are days made from?

Back 121

Glycerol and fatty acids.

Front 122

How are the components of fat joined?

Back 122

Through an easter linkage.

Front 123

________________ have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.

Back 123

Saturated fatty acids.

Front 124

Saturated fats are _________ at room temperature.

Back 124

Solid.

Front 125

_____________ have one or more cis double bonds.

Back 125

Unsaturated fatty acids.

Front 126

Unsaturated fats are _________ at room temperature.

Back 126

Liquid.

Front 127

How is something a cis bond?

Back 127

It is on the same side. ex. 2 hydrogens on the same side.

Front 128

Name the most common forms of saturated and unsaturated fats.

Back 128

Saturated - most animal fats; Unsaturated - plant fats or fish fats

Front 129

How is something a trans bond?

Back 129

It is on opposite sides. ex. 2 hydrogen atoms on different sides.

Front 130

Monosaccharides are classified by _________________.

Back 130

One carbonyl (C=O) and multi hydroxyl (-OH), the location of the carbonyl group, & the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.

Front 131

If something is monounsaturated, then it has _______________.

Back 131

One double bond.

Front 132

If someone has a diet rich in saturated fats, it could lead to what disease?

Back 132

Cardiovascular disease.

Front 133

_____________ is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

Back 133

Hydrogenation.

Front 134

Hydrogenating vegetable oil creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds, making what?

Back 134

Trans fats.

Front 135

_________ is an unsaturated fat that is not synthesized in the body and must be supplied through a person’s diet. It is required for normal growth and provides protection against cardiovascular disease.

Back 135

Omega-3

Front 136

What is the major function of fats?

Back 136

Energy storage.

Front 137

Humans/mammals store fat in _______________.

Back 137

Adipose cells.

Front 138

What is a phospholipid?

Back 138

Lipid with hydrophilic head phosphate group, but the two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

Front 139

When added to ___________, phospholipids self-assemble into a bilayer, hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior.

Back 139

Water.

Front 140

If the location of the carbonyl group is aldose, where is it?

Back 140

It is at the end (aldahide does not hide).

Front 141

If the location of the carbonyl is ketose, where is it?

Back 141

Within the structure.

Front 142

If a carbon skeleton has 6 carbons, it is a ______________.

Back 142

Hexose

Front 143

If a carbon skeleton has 5 carbons, it is a ______________.

Back 143

Pentose

Front 144

If a carbon skeleton has 3 carbons, it is a ______________.

Back 144

Triose

Front 145

What is the quickest form of cellular energy?

Back 145

Carbohydrates

Front 146

What is an isomer?

Back 146

Same formula, different arrangement.

Front 147

What is the R in RNA?

Back 147

It is ribose which is a carbohydrate.

Front 148

What is the difference in deoxyribose and ribose?

Back 148

Ribose has an extra oxygen.

Front 149

A ____________ is formes when a dehydration reaction chemically bonds two monosaccharides.

Back 149

Disaccharide

Front 150

What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Fructose = ?

Back 150

Sucrose.

Front 151

What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Glucose = ?

Back 151

Maltose.

Front 152

What disaccharide forms in this equation: Glucose + Galactose = ?

Back 152

Lactose.

Front 153

What is a covalent bond also called?

Back 153

Glycosidic linkage.

Front 154

What are the most common disaccharides?

Back 154

Maltose, lactose, and sucrose.

Front 155

What are polysaccharides?

Back 155

Polymers of sugar.

Front 156

What are carbohydrates and what are they composed of?

Back 156

They are polysaccharides, polymers composes of many sugar building blocks.

Front 157

Name the 2 types of polysaccharides.

Back 157

Storage and structural.

Front 158

T or F: Humans can digest cellulose.

Back 158

False.

Front 159

Name the storage polysaccharides.

Back 159

Starch (amylose, amylopectin) and glycogen.

Front 160

Name the structural polysaccharide(s).

Back 160

Cellulose.

Front 161

What is the func too on and structure of a polysaccharide determined by?

Back 161

Sugar monomers and positions of glycosidic linkages.

Front 162

What are storage polysaccharides also called?

Back 162

Complex carbohydrates.

Front 163

What is starch?

Back 163

Storage polysaccharide of plants.

Front 164

Where can starch be found?

Back 164

Potatoes and grains (wheat, corn, rice)

Front 165

Where is starch stored?

Back 165

Within chloroplasts and other plants.

Front 166

What is an amylose form in starch?

Back 166

Simple, unbranched structure.

Front 167

T or F: Sugars are carbohydrates.

Back 167

True.

Front 168

What is an amylopectin form in starch?

Back 168

Complex, branches structure.

Front 169

What is glycogen?

Back 169

Storage polysaccharide of animals/humans.

Front 170

What is the form of glycogen?

Back 170

Extensively branched.

Front 171

Where is glycogen stored?

Back 171

In the liver and skeletal muscle.

Front 172

What is cellulose?

Back 172

Major component of plant cell wall.

Front 173

What is chitin?

Back 173

It is found in the exoskeleton of anthropods, provides structural support for the cell walls of many fungi, and it is a surgical suture.

Front 174

T or F: Lipids form polymers.

Back 174

False.

Front 175

If something has little or no affinity for water, it is?

Back 175

Hydrophobic

Front 176

Why are lipids hydrophobic?

Back 176

They consist nonstop of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds.

Front 177

What are the most biologically important lipids?

Back 177

Fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Front 178

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Back 178

Glucose.

Front 179

____________ make up our cellular membrane.

Back 179

Phospholipids

Front 180

What are days made from?

Back 180

Glycerol and fatty acids.

Front 181

How are the components of fat joined?

Back 181

Through an easter linkage.

Front 182

________________ have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.

Back 182

Saturated fatty acids.

Front 183

Saturated fats are _________ at room temperature.

Back 183

Solid.

Front 184

_____________ have one or more cis double bonds.

Back 184

Unsaturated fatty acids.

Front 185

Unsaturated fats are _________ at room temperature.

Back 185

Liquid.

Front 186

How is something a cis bond?

Back 186

It is on the same side. ex. 2 hydrogens on the same side.

Front 187

Name the most common forms of saturated and unsaturated fats.

Back 187

Saturated - most animal fats; Unsaturated - plant fats or fish fats

Front 188

How is something a trans bond?

Back 188

It is on opposite sides. ex. 2 hydrogen atoms on different sides.

Front 189

Monosaccharides are classified by _________________.

Back 189

One carbonyl (C=O) and multi hydroxyl (-OH), the location of the carbonyl group, & the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.

Front 190

If something is monounsaturated, then it has _______________.

Back 190

One double bond.

Front 191

If someone has a diet rich in saturated fats, it could lead to what disease?

Back 191

Cardiovascular disease.

Front 192

_____________ is the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

Back 192

Hydrogenation.

Front 193

Hydrogenating vegetable oil creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds, making what?

Back 193

Trans fats.

Front 194

_________ is an unsaturated fat that is not synthesized in the body and must be supplied through a person’s diet. It is required for normal growth and provides protection against cardiovascular disease.

Back 194

Omega-3

Front 195

What is the major function of fats?

Back 195

Energy storage.

Front 196

Humans/mammals store fat in _______________.

Back 196

Adipose cells.

Front 197

What is a phospholipid?

Back 197

Lipid with hydrophilic head phosphate group, but the two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.

Front 198

When added to ___________, phospholipids self-assemble into a bilayer, hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior.

Back 198

Water.

Front 199

If the location of the carbonyl group is aldose, where is it?

Back 199

It is at the end (aldahide does not hide).

Front 200

If the location of the carbonyl is ketose, where is it?

Back 200

Within the structure.

Front 201

If a carbon skeleton has 6 carbons, it is a ______________.

Back 201

Hexose

Front 202

If a carbon skeleton has 5 carbons, it is a ______________.

Back 202

Pentose

Front 203

If a carbon skeleton has 3 carbons, it is a ______________.

Back 203

Triose

Front 204

The term steroid means “____________.”

Back 204

Cholesterol.

Front 205

What is the function of globular proteins?

Back 205

They play an important role in practically all biological processes.

Front 206

Name some globular proteins.

Back 206

Antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes.

Front 207

______________ are unbranched polymers built from 20 possible amino acids monomers.

Back 207

Polypeptides.

Front 208

___________ are organic molecules with carbonyl and amino groups.

Back 208

Amino acids.

Front 209

What makes amino acids differ in their properties?

Back 209

Their R groups in differing side chains.

Front 210

A _________ is a biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides.

Back 210

Protein.

Front 211

What are amino acids linked by?

Back 211

Peptide bonds.

Front 212

You will always have a(n) ___________ and a ___________ together, and you will never have 2 of each.

Back 212

Amino group, carboxyl group.

Front 213

What determines a protein’s three-dimensional structure?

Back 213

The sequence of amino acids.

Front 214

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Back 214

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

Front 215

____________ are lipids characterizes by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

Back 215

Steroids.

Front 216

Which structure is this—peptide bonding between adjacent amino acids with no active molecule realized?

Back 216

Primary structure.

Front 217

Why do we, as humans, need cholesterol?

Back 217

It’s where we derive hormones from.

Front 218

Proteins account for more than _______ of the day mass of most cells.

Back 218

50%

Front 219

Name the protein functions.

Back 219

Structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances.

Front 220

What are enzymes classified as?

Back 220

Proteins.

Front 221

What are amino acids classified as?

Back 221

Proteins.

Front 222

What are the categories of proteins?

Back 222

Fibrous and globular.

Front 223

What is the function of fibrous proteins?

Back 223

The main building material of the body; mechanical support; tensile strength; and movement.

Front 224

Which structure is this—peptide bonding between adjacent amino acids with no active molecule realized?

Back 224

Primary structure.

Front 225

Which structure is this—hydrogen bonding interactions between closely associated amino acids that allow folding and realize active state for structural proteins?

Back 225

Secondary structure

Front 226

Which structure is this—hydrogen bonding interactions between closely associated amino acids that allow folding and realize active state for structural proteins?

Back 226

Secondary structure

Front 227

What structure is this—the coil structure is called an a helix and a folded structure is called a B pleated sheet?

Back 227

Secondary structure

Front 228

What structure is this—hydrogen bonding interaction between amino acids at distant locations along with disulfide bonding and van der Waals that realizes active state in functional (globular) proteins?

Back 228

Tertiary structure

Front 229

What assists in protein folding?

Back 229

Chaperonins.

Front 230

What can happen because of mis-folded proteins?

Back 230

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and mad cow disease.

Front 231

What is the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance?

Back 231

Gene.

Front 232

What are genes made of?

Back 232

DNA.

Front 233

What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

Back 233

Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid.

Front 234

What is responsible for carrying the DNA message from the nucleus to the ribosome?

Back 234

mRNA.

Front 235

Nucleic acids are polymers called __________.

Back 235

Polynucleotides.

Front 236

Each nucleotide consists of a: ___________________.

Back 236

4 nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G, U), a pentose sugar (deoxyribose, ribose), and one or more phosphate groups.

Front 237

DNA or RNA: uracil.

Back 237

RNA.

Front 238

DNA or RNA: thyamine.

Back 238

DNA.

Front 239

Which structure is determined by interactions between R groups?

Back 239

Tertiary structure

Front 240

Nitrogenous base + sugar = ?

Back 240

Nucleoside.

Front 241

What are the 2 families of nitrogenous bases?

Back 241

Pyrimidines and purines.

Front 242

Describe a pyrimidine.

Back 242

Consists of cytosine, thymine, and uracil. It is a six-membered ring.

Front 243

Describe a purine.

Back 243

Consists of adenine and guanine. It is a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.

Front 244

What is the sugar in DNA?

Back 244

Deoxyribose.

Front 245

What is the sugar in RNA?

Back 245

Ribose.

Front 246

Nucleoside + phosphate group = ?

Back 246

Nucleotide.

Front 247

DNA or RNA: TTAGCTA.

Back 247

DNA.

Front 248

DNA or RNA: UUAGCUA.

Back 248

RNA.

Front 249

Nucleotide polymers are linked together to build a ______________.

Back 249

Polynucleotide.

Front 250

Strong covalent bonds called ______________ may reinforce the protein’s structure.

Back 250

Disulfide bridges.

Front 251

T or F: Mitochondria has its own DNA.

Back 251

True.

Front 252

DNA or RNA: found in limited amounts in nucleus and mitochondria.

Back 252

DNA.

Front 253

DNA or RNA: double helix.

Back 253

DNA.

Front 254

DNA or RNA: single polypeptide chains.

Back 254

RNA.

Front 255

DNA or RNA: found throughout cell.

Back 255

RNA.

Front 256

How do opposite bases in DNA bond?

Back 256

Through hydrogen bonding.

Front 257

Which structure is this—2 or more polypeptides (proteins) interacting that are already in their active state interacting together to improve efficiency and reduce energy demons?

Back 257

Quaternary structure.

Front 258

Which structure is this—results when 2 or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule?

Back 258

Quaternary structure.

Front 259

___________ is a globular protein consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains.

Back 259

Hemoglobin.

Front 260

In Sickle-Cell Disease, the chemical, ___________, changes the charge and therefore changes the interaction.

Back 260

Valine.

Front 261

What determines a protein structure?

Back 261

In addition to primary structure, physical and chemical conditions such as alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel.

Front 262

When a protein unravels and loses it’s native structure, what is it called?

Back 262

Denaturation.

Front 263

T or F: A denatured protein is biologically inactive.

Back 263

True.

Front 264

An atomic number of 18 means?

Back 264

18 protons.

Front 265

____________ compose(s) 99% of an atom’s mass.

Back 265

Neutrons and protons.

Front 266

Which of the following is inert: Na, O, Ne, or Cl.

Back 266

Ne.

Front 267

Which is the weakest type of bond?

Back 267

van der Waals

Front 268

Converting proteins to amino acids and glycerol groups?

Back 268

Decomposition.

Front 269

Removing oxygen; adding hydrogen; adding electrons?

Back 269

Reduction.

Front 270

Removing oxygen; adding hydrogen; adding electrons?

Back 270

Reduction.

Front 271

An enzyme would?

Back 271

Increase reaction rate.

Front 272

Which is not organic: carbohydrates, salts, lipids, or proteins?

Back 272

Salts.

Front 273

In a solution, the _________ is the component composing the majority.

Back 273

Solvent.

Front 274

In a solution, the _________ is the component composing the majority.

Back 274

Solvent.

Front 275

Normal pH of human blood?

Back 275

Base (7.3-7.4).

Front 276

When joining atoms of C, H, and O, a __________ reaction could be used.

Back 276

Dehydration synthesis.

Front 277

One carbon bound to 3 H is an example of what type of functional group?

Back 277

Methyl.

Front 278

Carbon double bound to oxygen and the OH group is an example of which functional group?

Back 278

Carboxyl.

Front 279

In the molecule O=O, what is occurring?

Back 279

The oxygen atoms are equally sharing 4 electrons.