The Cellular Level Of The Body

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Cytology

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The study of the structure and functions of cells. The study of the function of cells is cell physiology

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What are the 3 parts of a cell?

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The plasma membrane, the cytoplasm, and the nucleus

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What's the primary function of the plasma membrane?

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The primary function is to act as a protective barrier and a communicator between the environments inside and outside of the cell. It allows the transport of substances into and out of the cell

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Selective permeability

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The property of the plasma membrane that allows the passage of certain substances into and out of the cell

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Diffusion

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A process during which molecules or ions spread from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is the same throughout the cell (equilibrium). Occurs naturally and requires no cellular input (passive transport)

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Passive Transport / Active Transport

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Passive Transport is When a substance is diffusing across a semipermeable membrane (requires no cellular input). During active transport, molecules other than ions are actively transported across cell membranes (ie: insulin). Active transport is the energy-requiring movement of ions, nutrients, and molecules across the plasma membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, agains the substance's concentration gradient.

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Cytoplasm

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Consists primarily of a liquid called cytosol, which is approximately 75% water. The rest is dissolved solutes and particles such as ions, fatty acids, amino acids, lipids, proteins, and ATP, as well as waste products. Most chemical activities of the cell take place here.

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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An molecule present in all living cells that is the energy source for many of the body's metabolic processes

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Organelles

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Specialized structures in the cytoplasm that have distinct shapes and perform certain functions, regulated by enzymes.

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Proliferation

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Cell division

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Nucleus

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The most prominent part of a cell and the cell's control center. Some cells, like red blood cells lose their nucleus when they mature. The nucleus contains the genetic material, within chromosomes. Also controls cell division.

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Genome

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the total set of genes in an individual cell, containing 23 pairs of chromosomes. Every cell has 2 copies of each gene.

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Apoptosis

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The planned death of cells, programmed genetically during different stages of development

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Cell

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The smallest, membrane-enclosed compartment that can sustain life independent of other entities

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Centriole

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An organelle that helps control cell division and the movement of chromosomes

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Channel

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A grooved passage composed of proteins that allow substances to flow in and out of the cell

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Chromosome

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The thread-like structure found in the nucleus of a cell that contains DNA and proteins. Chromosomes come in pairs, and a normal human cell contains 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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Cilia

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Tiny hair-like structures that propel single-celled organisms. They serve the purpose of moving particles along a tissue surface, such as the lining of the respiratory tract.

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Concentration Gradient

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An unequal distribution of a substance, often in reference to a higher concentration on one side of the plasma membrane than the other

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Congenital defect

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An abnormality in embryonic or fetal development that is present at birth. Congenital defects may be but are not necessarily inherited

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Cytokinesis

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The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following division of the nucleus

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Cytoskeleton

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A network of filaments that provide structural support for a cell and acts as channels for some type of cellular transport

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Diploid

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Possessing a full set of paired chromosomes

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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

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A molecule of the cell where genetic information is encoded

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Dominant inheritance

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The inheritance of a trait or disease from a parent who exhibited the trait and had at least one gene for the trait

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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A membrane system present throughout the cytoplasm

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Enzyme

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A protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions

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Eukaryote

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A cell that has a nucleus containing genetic material

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Exocytosis

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The release of material from a cell by the fusion of a closed membrane shell with a plasma membrane

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Filtration

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The passage of liquid through a filter

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Flagella

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Tiny thread-like extensions that provide locomotion for the cell, are similar to cilia but longer, and in humans are found only on sperm

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Gene

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A segment of DNA. The functional unit of a chromosome, which directs the synthesis of proteins

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Genetic engineering

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Experimental techniques for producing molecules of DNA containing new genes, usually for the purpose of cloning

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Golgi apparatus

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A cellular organelle. A stack of membrane sacs where sugar is added to protein and where cellular products are packaged

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Haploid

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Containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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Hydrolysis

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The splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water

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Lysosome

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A tiny sac containing enzymes that digest cellular matter that is damaged or foreign to the body

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Meiosis

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A form of nuclear division in which there are actually two successive divisions that result in forming haploid gametes

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Mitosis

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Cell division resulting in two daughter cells. The process of cell replacement

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Mutation

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A change in the genetic material. May be the result of environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins.

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Necrosis

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The death of cells resulting from injury

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Nucleotide

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The basic component of DNA and RNA

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Osmosis

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The movement of solvent through a semipermeable membrane

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Osmotic Pressure

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The pressure exerted by water or other solvents flowing into a solution through the membrane

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Phagocytosis

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A cell that has the ability to ingest and destroy such substances as bacteria and cellular debris

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Pinocytosis

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The uptake of fluid material into a cell

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Prokaryote

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A cell whose genetic material is not contained in a nucleus, such as a bacterium

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Recessive inheritance

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The inheritance of a trait or disease when both parents have the same abnormal gene, although they may or may not have the trait or disease. The trait is expressed only when both chromosomes carry the abnormal gene

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Replication

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The reproduction of an exact copy

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Ribosome

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A cellular organelle. A component of RNA involved in synthesizing proteins

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RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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A molecule found in all living cells. Transfers genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm

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Degenerative Disease

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Gets worse over time. As cells mutate or atrophy, the person's condition will deteriorate

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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A serious neurological disease resulting in the degeneration of motor neurons, also known as Lou Gehrig disease

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Graves disease

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An autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism

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Huntington disease

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A terminal disease characterized by mental and physical deterioration

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Hyperthyroidism

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Excessive thyroid activity, resulting in insomnia, palpitations, intolerance of heat, and other symptoms

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Hypothyroidism

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A deficiency of thyroid activity, resulting in lethargy, decreased metabolism, intolerance of cold, and other symptoms

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Lupus

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A systemic autoimmune disease in which the body produces antibodies to its own tissues, resulting in severe inflammation to the vital organs

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Muscular dystrophy

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A group of diseases characterized by muscle degeneration when there is no involvement in the nervous system

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Myasthenia gravis

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A neurological disease causing a progressive loss of muscle contraction, characterized by a slackening of the musculature of the face and upper body and drooping of the eyelids

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Narcolepsy

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A sleep disorder that causes uncontrollable sleep during the day and disturbed sleep at night. May be accompanied by cataplexy, which causes a sudden temporary loss of muscle tone

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Paget disease

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A progressive bone disease resulting in the replacement of normal bone by less strong fibrous and/or unorganized bone tissue

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Raynaud disease

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Recurring blood vessel spasms in the digits that causes a pallor (whitening) of the fingers and toes

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Retinitis pigmentosa

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Hyperactivity of the pigmented cells of the retina, leading to blindness

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Schizophrenia

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A group of major psychotic disorders that cause irrational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior

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Sickle cell anemia

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A disease caused by a gene mutation that affects people of African descent. An inherited recessive condition that causes abnormal hemoglobin in blood cells, leading to infections and organ damage

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Spina bifida

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A birth defect in which the vertebral arch does not fuse closed, leaving the spinal cord exposed

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Tay-Sachs disease

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A birth defect among people of Eastern European Jewish heritage that causes early death because of the abnormal metabolism of fats. Affects the brain and nerves.