The Axial And Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

What is the axial skeleton? How many bones?

Back 1

Includes bones of skull, ossicles, hyoid, vertebral column, & thoracic cage; 80 bones

Front 2

What is the appendicular skeleton? How many bones?

Back 2

Includes bones of the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, hip bone, and lower limbs; 126 bones

Front 3

How many bones are in the adult body?

Back 3

206

Front 4

What are the four main bone types?

Back 4

Short, Long, Flat, and Irregular

Front 5

What is the function and an example of a short bone?

Back 5

Glide across each other to allow flexibility; carpal and tarsal bones

Front 6

What is the function and an example of long bones?

Back 6

Serve as rigid levers for movement; humerus, radius and ulna

Front 7

What is the function and an example of flat bones?

Back 7

Enclose and protect soft organs; Cranial bones, ribs, sternum, and scapula

Front 8

What is the function and an example of irregular bones?

Back 8

Don't fit into any other bone category; vertebrae, sphenoid, and ethmoid

Front 9

What are sutural (Wormian) bones? Give an example.

Back 9

Extra bones in the skull found in suture lines

Front 10

What are sesamoid bones? Give an example.

Back 10

Bones that form within tendons due to stress; patella

Front 11

What are the vertebrae from head to coccyx? How many of each?

Back 11

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused into 1) coccygeal (4 fused into 1)

Front 12

What are the primary curvatures of the adult spine? And how do they curve?

Back 12

Thoracic curvature, concave anteriorly; pelvic curvature, concave anteriorly

Front 13

What are the secondary curvatures of the adult spine? and how do they curve?

Back 13

Cervical curvature, concave posteriorly; lumbar curvature, concave posteriorly

Front 14

What spine curvatures are present in fetus and newborns?

Back 14

Primary; Thoracic and Pelvic

Front 15

What are the functions of the spine?

Back 15

Supports the skull and trunk, allows for head and trunk movement, protects spinal cord, and absorbs shock/stress

Front 16

What is scoliosis?

Back 16

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Front 17

What is kyphosis?

Back 17

An excessive anterior curvature of the spine; normally in thoracic vertebrae

Front 18

What is lordosis?

Back 18

An excessive posterior curvature of the spine; normally in lumbar vertebrae

Front 19

What are the general features of a typical vertebrae?

Back 19

Body, processes (spinous, transverse, superior articular, inferior articular), vertebral foramen, and vertebral arch (lamina, pedicle)

Front 20

What are vertebral foramen? What passes through them?

Back 20

Holes in vertebrae; spinal cord passes through

Front 21

What are intervertebral foramen? What passes through them?

Back 21

Formed when two vertebrae are joined; allow for spinal nerves to leave spinal cord

Front 22

What structures form the intervertebral foramen?

Back 22

Notches of pedicles and bodies of vertebrae

Front 23

Describe the parts of an intervertebral disc.

Back 23

Two parts: nucleus pulposus (gelatinous middle that absorbs shock) and the anulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage ring around the nucleus pulposus that allows attachment between vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs)

Front 24

Describe a herniated disc.

Back 24

Occurs when there is a crack in anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus oozes out of disc and may cause pressure on the spinal cord causing pain

Front 25

Where do you find the first and last intervertebral discs?

Back 25

C2-3 and L5-Sacral

Front 26

List the bones of the pectoral girdle. What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

Back 26

2 clavicles and 2 scapula; designed to maximize range of manipulation and movement

Front 27

List the bones of the pelvic girdle. What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

Back 27

2 coxal (hip bones); designed for weight-bearing and locomotion

Front 28

What bones form the coxal bone?

Back 28

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

Front 29

List the structures that form the pelvis.

Back 29

Pelvic girdle, sacrum, and coccyx

Front 30

List the arches of the feet. What are the function of these arches?

Back 30

Lateral longitudinal arch, medial longitudinal arch, and transverse arch; distribute body weight and absorb shock

Front 31

List the bones of the skull.

Back 31

Cranial: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, & ethmoid; Facial: maxilla, palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal concha, & mandible

Front 32

List the auditory ossicles.

Back 32

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

Front 33

List the bones of the thoracic cage.

Back 33

Ribs & sternum

Front 34

List the upper limb bones.

Back 34

Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Front 35

List the lower limb bones.

Back 35

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Front 36

Canal

Back 36

Tubular passage or tunnel in a bone

Front 37

Condyle

Back 37

Rounded knob

Front 38

Crest

Back 38

Narrow ridge

Front 39

Epicondyle

Back 39

Flare superior to a condyle

Front 40

Facet

Back 40

Smooth joint surface that is flat or only slightly concave or convex

Front 41

Fissure

Back 41

Slit through a bone

Front 42

Foramen

Back 42

Hole through a bone, usually round

Front 43

Fossa

Back 43

Shallow, broad, or elongated basin

Front 44

Line (linea)

Back 44

Raised, elongated ridge

Front 45

Meatus

Back 45

Canal

Front 46

Process

Back 46

Bony prominence

Front 47

Protuberance

Back 47

Bony outgrowth or protruding part

Front 48

Sinus

Back 48

Cavity within a bone

Front 49

Spine

Back 49

Sharp, slender, or narrow process

Front 50

Sulcus

Back 50

Groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel

Front 51

Tubercle

Back 51

Small, rounded process

Front 52

Tuberosity

Back 52

Rough surface

Front 53

Describe two differences between a male and female pelvis.

Back 53

Pelvic inlet of female is round or oval shaped and male is heart-shaped. The subpubic angle of a female is wider, normally greater than 100 degrees while a male is narrower, normally less than 90 degrees.