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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two sets of bones in the skull |
- Cranial bones - Facial bones |
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Cranial bones |
- Form the cranial cavity - Encloses brain - Provide attachment sites for some head and neck muscles |
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Facial bones |
- Form the framework of the face - Provide openings for the passage of air and food - Holds teeth in place (anchor muscle of the face) - Most form cavities for the sense organs of sight, taste, and smell |
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Frontal Bone forms Facial 'icons'... |
- Forehead - Eye socket (superior part) - Forms much of the anterior floor of the cranial cavity |
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Forehead - bone markings |
- Supraorbital notch/foramen - Coronal Suture - Unseen Frontal sinus |
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Supraorbital Notch/Foramen |
- Has blood vessels and nerves passing through to supply eyelid |
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Supra- |
Above |
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Frontal Sinus |
- Can't see, open space within bone itself - Lightens weight of skull (hollow bones) - Voice production when open = resonance
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Eye Socket (superior part) |
- Roof of the orbits |
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Parietal Bones |
- 2 - Form much of the sides and roof of cranial cavity - Form major sutures |
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Major Sutures |
- Sagittal suture - Coronal suture - Lambdoid suture - Squamous suture |
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Sagittal Suture |
- Along the midsagittal line - Connects Parietal→Parietal |
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Coronal Suture |
- Connects frontal→2 Parietal bones |
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Lambdoid Suture |
- Connects 2 parietal→Occipital bone |
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Squamous Suture |
- Flat sides, Have 2 - Connect parietal bone→Temporal (Floor of cranial cavity) |
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Temporal Bones |
- (2) Forms the inferior lateral part of the cranial floor plus part of the lateral wall near the ear (sides of ears/sides and floor of cranial cavity - Inferior to parietal bones - Have to distinguish between Left and Right |
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"Temporal" - Latin roots |
- Comes from Latin word for time - 1st place your hair turns gray |
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Specific Regions of Temporal Bone |
- Squamous, Temporal, Petrous, and Mastoid Regions |
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Squamous Region |
Flat part at the temple "temporal squama" |
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Petrous Portion |
- At the floor of the cranial cavity - Rocky, triangular ridge on the inside of skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones - Ridges come out from side→center of skull - Houses bones in ear - Always on inside |
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Mastoid Portion |
- Located posterior and inferior to the external/internal auditory meatus - Mastoid = breast-shaped |
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Styloid Process |
- Muscle attachment site for your tongue and some of your neck muscles - Always points downwards |
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Zygomatic Process |
- Articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic (cheek) bone - Always points forward |
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Articulates |
Forms Joint |
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Mastoid Process |
- Rounded bump of the mastoid portion that points downward - Outside and back of temporal bones - Muscle attachment site for important neck muscles (turn head, pulling on one side of mastoid process, back = both) |
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Temporal Region |
- Region around ear - 1st place you turn grey = long time |
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Zygomatic Arch |
- The zygomatic process articulates with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and together they form the zygomatic arch = cheekbone |
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Temporal Squama |
- Thin flat part of the temporal bone that forms anterior and superior parts of the temple (region around ear) |
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Mandibular Fossa |
- Smooth indent on temporal bone where the mandible articulates with the temporal bone = forms temporomandibular joint (TMJ) - Only moveable joint in head |
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Internal/External Auditory Meatus |
- Both housed in petrous portion - House for special sense organ for hearing - Hole with depth to it |
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Jugular Foramen |
- Formed from 2 bones with cut out in edges coming together (temple+occipital bones) - Only found in articulated skulls - Hole which has some cranial nerves pass through |
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Carotid Canal |
- Where carotid artery passes through |
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Occipital Bone |
- Forms much of the posterior wall and the posterior floor of the cranial cavity - The one with giant hole |
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Prominent Surface Features of the Occipital Bone |
- Lambdoid suture - Jugular foramen - Foramen magnum - 2 Occipital condyles - Hypoglossal canal - External occipital protuberance and Nuchal lines |
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Delete card |
- Where it connects with temporal bones→forms jugular foramen |
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Foramen Magnum |
- Where the spinal cord enters the cranial cavity to attaches to the brain (giant hole) - Technically where 2 dorsal body cavities connect (cranial + spinal cavity) - Meaning: hole - big |
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Occipital Condyles |
- Smooth hill because: in life, it is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage - Places where occipital bone and skull articulate with C1- atlas (1st cervical vertebra) - When nod yes = rocking occipital condyles on the atlas |
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Hypoglossal Canal |
- Tough to see - Hole that sits in wall of occipital condyles - Allows passage for the hypoglossal nerve (Cranial nerve XII, 12) - Where cranial nerve 12 exits the cranial cavity→body |
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External Occipital Protuberance and Nuchal Lines |
-Muscle attachment sites, contract muscles along these when pull head back |
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Sphenoid Bone (Tufte's Favorite) |
- Articulates with all other cranial bones - "keystone of cranium" - Provides considerable stability of the skull - Lies at the middle part of the base of skull - Has a complex shape resembling a pterodactyl - Greater wings and lesser wings - Contains 5 important foramina or fissures |
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Greater/Lesser Wings |
- Flared portion - Big = Bottom Small=Top |
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Pterygoid Process |
- Hang down from sphenoid bone - Legs of pterodactyl - Form back part of skull and back part of oral cavity/Throat and nasal cavity - Rigid to maintain opening between nose, throat, nasal cavity |
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Optic Canal/Foramen |
- Where optic nerve (Cranial Nerve II) passes into the orbit |
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Cranial Nerve II |
- Optic nerve - Eyeball sends a nerve through optic canal→brain to produce sense of vision |
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Foramen ovale |
- Oval hole at base of lateral pterygoid process in the greater wing |
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Foramen Rotundum |
- Round hole located at the junction of the anterior and medial parts of the sphenoid bone |
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Foramen Lacerum |
- Lesser hole bounded anteriorly by sphenoid bone and medially by sphenoid and occipital bones. Parynangeal artery passes through here |
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Sphenoidal Sinus |
Space inside body that drains into nasal cavity |
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Sella Turcica |
- Bony enclosure that completely surrounds the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to protect them - Indent on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid that is incredibly thick and firm |
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Superior Orbital Fissure |
Triangular slit (top of eyesocket) lateral to the body between the greater and lesser wings - Blood vessels and cranial nerves passes through |
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Inferior Orbital Fissure |
- Bottom wide crack of eye socket - Formed from the sphenoid bone and the maxilla - Only see in articulated with both bones |
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Ethmoid Bone (Tufte's 2nd Favorite) |
Located in the anterior part of the cranial floor, medial to the orbits and look spongelike (sits on nose and looks like a rooster |
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Ethmoid Sinuses |
- A bunch of holes/air spaces |
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Perpendicular Plate |
- Hangs down into nasal cavity - Divides nasal cavity into 2 openings (nostrils) |
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Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae |
- Pieces of bone that stick out into nasal cavity. 3 on left, 3 on right - Hang into nasal cavity and create air turbulance |
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How do the conchae create air turbulence? |
- When inhale, air bounces of conchae to filter out garbage - The conchae are covered with mucous membranes - solid stuff sticks to mucus = self cleaning (colored mucus) - Tempers air - warms and humidifies before goes to lungs |
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Cribriform Plate |
- Flat part on either side of crista galli with holes in it called olfactory/cribriform foramina - Sits at very top of nasal cavity - Cranial nerve I (Olfactory nerve) |
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Cranial Nerve I |
- Olfactory Nerve - Responsible for special sense of smelling - Comes out of bottom of brain - takes processes from neurons and sends them through olfactory foramina and lets them hang down in nasal cavity - Only cranial nerve in direct contact with environment - Odor molecules chemically bind to neurons |
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Crista Galli |
- Projects superiorly from cribriform plate, triangular process - Latin word for cocks comb - Where you anchor your meninges = anchor's brain |
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Facial Bones |
- Nasal Bones - Lacrimal Bones - Palatine Bone - Inferior Nasal Conchae - Vomer |
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Nasal Bones |
- Paired bones that form bridge of nose - Hyaline cartilage hangs off here - 2 small rectangular bones on side of nose = gives shape - Usually don't break this, usually disarticulate the cartilage |
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Lacrimal Bones |
- Small rectangular paired bones with little holes that form the anterior portion of the medial wall of eye socket |
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Lacrimal foramen |
- Little holes that empties into nasal cavity that allows for the drainage of tears - Why nose gets stuffy when cry |
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Palatine Bone |
- Forms posterior part of hard palate, as well as portions of the eye socket and nasal cavity wall and floor - 2 Rectangular shaped |
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Inferior nasal conchae |
- 2 rectangular shaped bones that protrude into nasal cavity and form bottom ridge that helps create air turbulence - Separate from the ethmoid's superior and middle nasal conchae |
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Vomer |
- Tiny rectangular bone that forms bottom part of nasal septum - Divides nasal cavity into 2 separate cavities (nostrils) - Bottom part=vomer - Top part = perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone |
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Hard Palate |
- Roof of mouth |
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Lacrimation |
To cry |
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Mandible |
- Largest and strongest facial bone - Allows you to chew your food - Only movable bone of the skull - Forms TMJ, ear ossicles move too - Muscles attached to mandible produce the most force per square inch out of any muscle and bone combination in body |
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Mandible Important Bone Markings |
- Coronoid process - Mandibular foramen - Mandibular condyle - Mandibular notch - Mandibular ramus - Mandibular angle -Body - Alveoular process - Mental foramina |
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Mandibular Foramen |
- On inside surface of mandible - Passageway for blood vessels and nerves - In dental work, dentists numb nerve that comes out of the mandibular foramina to numb teeth at back of mouth |
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Mandibular Condyle |
- Round smooth surface on the bone that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone - What you move when moving jaw with respect to the temporal bone |
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Mandibular Notch |
- Notch between coronoid process and mandibular condyle |
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Mandibular Ramus |
- Branch of the mandibular - Ends when the coronoid process and the mandibular condyles notch starts |
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Mandibular Angle |
- angle between the body of the mandible - angle of jawline |
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Alveolus (Alveolar) |
- little cavities carved out in the mandible that bottom teeth fit in (tooth sockets) - Bone that builds alveolar process |
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Mental Foramina (foramen = 1) |
- 2 holes on either side with mental nerve passing through |
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Mental Region |
- chin |
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Mental nerve |
- Nerve that gives you feeling - When dentist wants to numb the front part of bottom teeth, go after mental nerve - Called mental because when you hit someone square in chin = knock them out - nerve instantly goes to brain and shuts down |
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Maxillary bones (maxillae) |
- 2 - keystones of facial bones - articulate with all facial bones except mandible - contain maxillary sinuses - Forms part of inferior orbital fissure |
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Maxillary Sinuses |
- Larges paranasal sinuses - Hollow space in bone |
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Bone Markings of Maxillae |
- Infraorbital foramen - Alveolar Margin - Anterior nasal spine - Intermaxillary suture - Maxillary sinus |
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Infraorbital Foramen |
- Hole that sits in the center of each maxilla, below the orbits - Supply blood vessels and nerves to cheek muscles |
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Alveolar Margin (Alveolar Process) |
- Bony part of tooth sockets that form the alveoli for the top teeth |
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Anterior Nasal Spine |
- Pointed projection anterior to intermaxillary suture |
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Intermaxillary suture |
- Place where 2 bones fused together |
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Maxillary Sinus |
- Empties into nasal cavity |
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Zygomatic Bone |
- Helps form part of eye socket and huge part of cheek when it articulates with the maxilla - Temporal process that articulates with the temporal bone's zygomatic process = zygomatic arch - cheekbone |
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Bones that make up orbits |
8 Bones make up orbits: 3 cranial and 4 Facial - Frontal - Zygomatic - Ethmoid - Sphenoid - Nasal - Maxilla - Palatine - Lacrimal |
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5 Openings of orbits |
- Optic Foramen - Superior orbital fissure - Inferior orbital fissure - Supraorbital foramen - Lacrimal Fossa |
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Paranasal Sinuses |
- Cavities within frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxilla - Purpose is the to lighten load of head and make bones hollow - Depth in voice - resonance chambers |
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Bones associated with skull that don't fit in with axial skeleton definition: make enclosure for organ |
- Auditory Ossicles - Hyoid Bone |
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Auditory Ossicles |
- Bones of middle ear: Malleus, Incus, Stapes - 3 smallest bones in body - 2 pairs = 6 - Contained within petrous portion - Uses for special sense of hearing - Only articulate with each other - Sit between tympanic membrane and inner ear - Move when sound waves hit eardrum |
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Hyoid Bone |
- Sits directly under your mandible and shaped like a U - Has greater and lesser horns projecting upwards - Attaches tongue muscles - Provides opening into trachea at all times - Sits right on top of adam's apple (Larynx) - Serves as moveable base for the tongue and allows you to speak - Fracture can be used to indicate strangulation |
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Tongue |
- Huge powerful muscle - Has multiple muscles contained within - When tongue moves, change shape of muscles in tongue, pulling on hyoid bone, change shape of vocal cords in larynx = gives different voice inflection/words |
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Vertebral Column |
- Adults have 26 Vertebrae - Form protective enclosure for spinal cord - Forms vertebral canal - dorsal body cavity - serves as muscle attachment sites for the neck and back - Allows you to stand up right and disperse force throughout body - Held in place by a ton of ligaments |
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Cervical Vertebrae |
- 7 - directly below skull - smallest and lightest (least amount of weight to carry) |
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Thoracic Vertebrae |
- 12 - ribs attached to them - help form thoracic cage |
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Lumbar Vertebrae |
- 5 - Separate - help form curve from back to butt - Massive, largest - very thick, flat, fat - processes are flat and square for very strong, powerful back muscles to keep you up right |
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Fused Sacral Vertebrae |
- Forms embryonically |
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Fused Coccygeal Vertebrae |
- Form the coccyx (tailbone) - 3 to 6 - Forms fully around 26 |
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Common Structures of most vertebrae |
- Body (centrum) - Transverse Process - Spinous process - Superior and Inferior articular processes and facets - Vertebral Foramen - Vertebral Arch |
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Body(Centrum) of vertebrae |
- weight-bearing portion, stacked in a line - Faces cavities/Forward |
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Transverse Process |
- Sticks out laterally - #1 job = muscle attachment - In thoracic vertebra - where ribs articulate to help form thoracic cage - In cervical vertebra - hole in middle of transverse process - protect vertebral arteries = blood vessels that carry blood to brain |
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Spinous Process |
- Stick up and to back of body - Muscle attachment sites |
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Superior and Inferior Articular Processes and Facets |
- Facet = indent on process that's covered with cartilage - Place where one vertebra articulates with another vertebra |
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Vertebral Foramen |
- Hole formed by vertebra - Collectively form vertebral canal where spinal cord passes through |
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Vertebral Arch |
- Pedicle - Lamina |
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Pedicle |
- Part that sits between body and transverse process |
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Lamina |
- Part that sits between transverse process and spinous process |
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Cervical Vertebra |
- C1-C7 - All have 3 holes - Vertebral foramen - 2 Transverse foramin - Body is small and rectangular - Have Bifid Spinous Foramen Processes |
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Spina Bifida |
- 2 Lamenae fail to fuse together before birth = higher up in vertebral column = more severe |
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Atlas |
- C1 = greek mythology - hold up world/brain - Supports the skull - Superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles - Lacks body and spinous process = allows flexion/extension of neck - when rock head you'd crack it off - Huge vertebral foramen = spinal cord huge at this point |
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Axis |
- C2 - Has body and bifid spinous process - Extra bone marking that sticks up from body - Dens/Odontoid Process |
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Dens/Odontoid Process |
- Projects superiorly - Where the axis articulates with the atlas - Cradled in the anterior arch of the atlas - Acts as a pivot for rotation of atlas and skull - Rotate head side to side = Swiveling atlas around dens |
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Thoracic Vertebrae |
- (T1-T12) - 12 of them, all articulate with ribs - Looks like giraffe - Special markings: Long spinous process, pointed downwards, Extra facets (costal facets), larger than cervical vertebra, mainly smaller than lumbar, vertebral foramina are circular, transverse processes articulate with tubercles of ribs |
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Costal Facets |
- where ribs articulate - hard to see |
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Lumbar Vertebrae |
- (L1-L5) - Look like moose - 5 Most inferior of free - Larges - Have short square parts = looks heavy - Articular processes face laterally and medially - Transverse processes are thin and tapered - Vertebral foramina are triangular |
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Sacrum |
- (S1-S5) - Sacrad bone - Formed from fusion of 5 separate vertebrae - Fuse around 16, fully around 26 - "Sacrad" or "holy" bone - Articulates with L5 superiorly and the coccyx inferiorly - Auricular Surface |
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Auricular Surface |
- 2 - one on each side - where you articulate with pelvic girdle |
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Coccyx |
- Tailbone (remnant of vestibular tail) - Consists of 2-6 small vertebrae that fuse by the age of 20-30 - Forms little bit of support on bottom of pelvic cavity for organs and little muscle attachment |
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The Thorax |
- Skeletal part of thorax - Forms base of thoracic cavity - #1 job is to protect vital organs in thoracic cavity (lung/heart) - Provides connection point for pectoral girdle and upper limbs - Provides attachment sites for muscles used for breathing |
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Thorax Components |
- Thoracic vertebrae - posteriorly - ribs - laterally - articulate with thoracic vertebrae - sternum and costal cartilage - I anteriorly
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Sternum |
- Formed from 3 sections - Manubrium - Body - Xiphoid process |
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Manubrium |
- Superior section that looks like shield - Articulates with medial end of clavicles - Suprasternal jugular notch - Clavicular notches |
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Suprasternal Jugular Notch |
- center indent with jugular vein and carotid artery passing through |
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Clavicular Notches |
- where pectoral girdles connects to axial skeleton - only connection point - lateral |
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Body of Sternum |
- Sternal angle - Sides notched at articulations for costal cartilage of ribs 2-7 |
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Xiphoid process |
- Tip top part - Last thing to turn to bone - ossifies around 40 - Provides attachment for some abdominal muscles in breathing - Spearing in football = outlawed due to breaking xiphoid process |
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Ribs |
- 12 pairs, 24 total - attached to thoracic vertebrae - True ribs, False ribs, Floating ribs |
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True Ribs |
- Ribs 1-7 - Indirect attachment - own personal piece of costal cartilage attach to sternumm |
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False Ribs |
- Ribs 8-10 - Indirect attachment (share piece of costal cartilage to attach to sternum) |
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Floating Ribs |
- Ribs 11-12 - Don't attach to sternum |
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Ribs 1 and 2 |
- Small and Flat |
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Ribs 11 and 12 |
- Small but pointy |
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Costal Groove |
- Bottom of all ribs where blood vessels and nerves supplying ribs go - Makes bottom ridge of ribs sharp and thin |
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Head of ribs |
- curved end (fat end) |
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Tubercle |
- Bump where you attach to vertebra= goes to back |
