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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Appendicular System |
- 126 bones - Functions: movement - Includes bones of upper and lower limbs |
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Girdles |
- Bones that attach limbs to axial skeleton - Transmit forces from limbs to axial skeleton and absorb force - pectoral and pelvic |
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Upper and lower limbs differ in function but... |
... share the same structural plan - Bipeds = walk on 2 limbs - Body plan the same in upper and lower limbs |
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How many regions are there in upper limb and how many bones in each? |
- 4 regions containing about 30 bones |
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Bones of Upper Limb - Free part |
- 1 humerus - 1 ulna and 1 radius - 8 carpals - 19 metacarpal and phalanges |
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Pectoral Girdle |
- Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton - Provides attachment for many muscle that move the upper limb - Incomplete girdle - difference between humans and primates |
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What two bones make up pectoral girdle? |
The clavicles and the scapulae - Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib - Laterally the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae |
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Tradeoff of Incomplete Girdle |
- Unstable but allows for flexibility - When you try to absorb force transmitted from limbs→injury |
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Incomplete Girdle |
- Doesn't encircle body completely - Only clavicles articulate with the axial skeleton - tiny attachment=unstable - Scapulae don't join each other or the axial skeleton=unstable - Socket of shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow |
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What gives us flexibility in pectoral girdle |
- nIcomplete girdle - Glenoid cavity on scapula is very shallow fossa that the head of the humerus sits in = a lot of room around to move, bend, etc - free movement |
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Articulation sites for pectoral girdle |
- Sternoclavicular joint - Acromioclavicular joint - Glenohumeral joint |
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Sternoclavicular Joint |
- Medial end of clavicle with sternum - Sternum→clavicles |
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Acromioclavicular Joint |
- Lateral end of clavicle with scapula - Clavicle→acromion - Very unstable, easy to dislocate and tear ligaments - Held together by ligaments |
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Glenohumeral Joint |
- Shoulder joint - Where free limb articulates with pectoral girdle - Head of humerus→glenoid cavity/fossa |
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Clavicles |
- Collar bone - extends horizontally across the superior thorax - most commonly fractures bone in body - absorbs all force from upper limb - S on side, top=round, bottom=flat Bone Markings - Acromial end - Sternal end - Conoid tubercle |
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Acromial end of Clavicle |
Flat end that articulates with scapula - more lateral part |
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Sternal End |
Rounder end that articulates with sternum (manubrium) |
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Conoid tubercle |
Little bump |
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Scapulae |
- Shoulder blade - Triangular plate located between ribs 2-7 on dorsal side - Provide attachment for muscles - because they are flat - Transmits compression forces from upper limbs to axial skeleton |
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What happens during rotator cuff injuries |
Scapula doesn't have anywhere to transmit forces but doesn't break because it is flat - what attaches to bone breaks - the muscles tear off bone |
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Steps in figuring out left or right scapulae |
- Medial border, side without funky stuff point toward vertebral column - superior border at top - Lateral border(shoulder joint) articulates with clavicle |
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Lateral border |
- funky stuff coming out of - muscle attachment site - 2 projections: acromion and Coracoid process |
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Acromion |
- Extension of the spine - as it crosses it fans out and flips over top - a ton of ligaments attach to it - articulates with clavicle |
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Coracoid process |
- comes off lateral side - 2 really important arm muscles attach here - coracobrachialis muscle and biceps brachii muscle |
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Glenoid Cavity (fossa) |
- Flat part/shallow depression |
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Superior, lateral, and inferior angles |
- Where borders meet |
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Supraspinous fossa |
shallow depression above spine |
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Infraspinous fossa |
Shallow depression below spine |
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Subscapular Fossa |
- under scapula on front side |
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Front side of scapula has no... |
ridge |
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Humerus Articulates proximally: Articulates Distally: |
- longest and strongest bone of upper limb - many structures of humerus provides sites for muscle attachment - articulates proximally with the scapula at the shoulder - articulates distally with the radius and ulna at the elbow |
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Greater and Lesser Tubercle |
- bump/muscle attachment sites - greater = larger and goes lateral - lesser = smaller and faces forward |
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Anatomical neck/surgical neck |
- often broken |
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Intertubercular sulcus or groove |
- line between 2 tubercles |
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Deltoid Tuberosity |
- raised roughened surface that the deltoid muscle attaches - where humerus gets thicker and rough - the more you use delts =build bone massq |
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Capitulum and Trochlea |
- special names for bone marking commonly called condyles - forms elbow joint |
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Capitulum |
- condyle that articulates with radius of the forearm - lateral side - radius=circle capitulum=circle - circular cap fits on round head |
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Trochlea |
- condyle that looks cut in half and articulates with the ulna |
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Medial and lateral epicondyles |
- muscle attachment sites of forearm |
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Coronoid/olecranon fossae |
- shallow depressions that parts of the ulna articulates into - forms U shaped trochlea notch |
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Coronoid fossa |
- anterior side of humerus, sits above capitulum |
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Olecranon fossa |
- posterior side of humerus |
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Antebrachium |
- Distal ends articulate with carpals, proximal with humerus -Radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints |
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Interossesous membrane |
- hold radius and ulna together - also present in leg - basis for dividing forearm into anterior and posterior compartments - muscles into groups(flexors and extensors) - Piece of dense regular CT = lots of collagen |
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Ulna |
- Main bone responsible for elbow - distal end separated from carpals by fibrocartilage - medial/pinky side |
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- Olecranon process |
- forms prominence of elbow posteriorly - fits into olecranon fossa |
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Coronoid process |
- anterior projection that articulates with the trochlea of humerus - when flexed→ coronoid fossa |
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Trochlear notch |
- u part between olecranon and coronoid process that articulates with the trochlea - forms part of elbow joint |
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- Radial notch |
- inferior and lateral to trochlear notch - articulates with head of radius |
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- Ulnar tuberosity |
- inferior to coronoid process - raised, roughened surface that brachialis muscle attaches |
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Radius |
- lies lateral to ulna on thumb sie - head of radius articulates with the capitulum of humerus superiorly - head of tadius articulates with radial notch of ulna medially |
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Radial Tuberosity |
- insertion site for biceps brachii - biceps get bigger because biceps suck at curling |
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Elbow Joint 2 articulation points |
- Where head of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus - Where trochlear notch of ulna articulates with trochea of humerus |
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During pronation position of radius and ulna |
- head of radius rolls in radial notch of ulna and radius crosses ulna |
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Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle |
Scaphoid→Lunate→Triquetral→Pisiform→Trapezium→Trapezoid→Capitate→Hamate - thumb to pinky |
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Pelvic Girdle |
- Formed by costal bones, sacrum, coccyx - complete girdle - links vertebral column |
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Acetabulum |
- Formed from all three bones - Deep cup that holds head of femur - Articulation point between girdle and femur - Always on lateral side facing outside |
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Inguinal Ligament |
- Spans whole side of pelvic girdle - Helps connect 2 bones - Landmark - structure that passes across/underneath=moved out of cavity and into limb undergoes name change (external iliac artery - torso side/femoral artery |
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Pubic Symphysis |
- Fibrocartilae that unites hip bones anteriorly |
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Auricular surface |
- rough surface towards middle and back of hip bone - articulates with sacrum |
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Obturator foramen |
- biggest foramen in body - In life full of CT, blood vessels, and nerves innervate muscles |
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Sexual Dimorphism |
- Describes difference in gender within species - Iliac fossa in males = almost verticle Females = tips to be more horizontal give baby room - Auricular fossa - females swing back so baby head doesn't get caught on coccyx |
