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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In addition to ATPs, cellular respiration also releases...
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Heat
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Two examples of anabolism are..
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DNA replication and protein synthesis
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Generic term for chemical reactions where things are put together; require energy.
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Anabolism
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Metabolic pathway used by our cells to produce ATP.
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cellular respiration
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Utilizes hydrolysis
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Catabolism
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Generic term for chemical reactions where things are broken apart; release energy.
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Catabolism
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Building cell walls and other cell parts
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Anabolism
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Using lipase to digest lipids (spirit blue) would be an example of...
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Catabolism
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Used by our cells as an energy source
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ATP
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Cellular respiration is an example of
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Catabolism
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Fermentation tubes turned from pink to yellow (indicating a sugar has been broken down) would be an example
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Catabolism
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This utilizes dehydration synthesis
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Anabolism
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A series of chemical reactions leading to a desired end-product
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Metabolic pathway
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These promote the chemical reactions making up metabolic pathways
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Enzyme
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Hooking glucose molecules together into chains, thus creating a new molecule
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Anabolism
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A blueprint used by cells in the production of a specific enzyme.
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Gene
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List 2 ways carbs are broken down?
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By fermenters and cell respirators
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Cellular respiration _____ energy from carbs.
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Releases
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The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism is known as..
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Metabolism
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All organisms perform ...
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ATP production
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These 3 things in cellular respiration generate ATP ...
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Glycoloysis, Krebs cycle, and chemiosmosis
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In cellular respiration, these 2 things occur within the cell membrane.
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Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
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In cellular respiration, water is produced in the...
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ETC
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What 3 things produce CO2
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Fermentation, acetyl CoA production, and Krebs cycle
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Lactic acid is produced by some bacteria during this process..
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Fermentation
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These two processes are performed by fermenters
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glycolysis and fermentation
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Oxygen is used in the ....
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ETC
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These 4 things occur in the cytoplasm
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glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Fermentation, acetyl CoA production
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Produces pyruvic acid from glucose
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Glycolysis
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Utilizes ATP synthase
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Chemiosmosis
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The only benefit is the recycling of NADHs back to NADs to be reused in glycolysis
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Fermentation
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These 4 things are performed by both anaerobic and aerobic cell respirators
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Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC, and chemiosmosis
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Some bacteria produce ethanol and gas (CO2) during this process...
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Fermentation
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Hydrogen accumulates on one side of the cell membrane using power stored in electrons (NADH and FADH2)
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ETC
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Hydrogen moves through ATP synthase generating ATP
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Chemiosmosis
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Pyruvic acid is used in these 2 processes..
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fermentation and Acetyl CoA
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Most ATP generated by anaerobic and aerobic cell respiration is produced by this process..
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Chemiosmosis
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Anaerobic cell respirators use a molecule other than oxygen to carry away electrons during this process...
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ETC
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What produces the least ATP per glucose..
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Fermenters
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What produces the most ATP per glucose..
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Aerobic cell respirators
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What order does ATP production in fermenters, anaerobic cell respirators, and aerobic cell respirators go in? Least to greatest
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fermenters, anaerobic cell respirators, and aerobic cell respirators
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What advantage does aerobic cellular respiration offer over fermentation and anaerobic respiration..
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More ATP is produced
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Why is it necessary for brewers of alcoholic beverages to seal their recipes in airless containers
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For fermentation to occur
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Why would a bacterium cell die if its ATP-producing systems were disabled by an antibiotic?
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Would not have enough enough/any energy.
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A ____ is a segment of DNA, a sequence of nucleotides, that endcodes a functional product.
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gene
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The expression of the genes: proteins of the cell and the properties they confer on the organism.
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Phenotype
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The genetic composition of an organism, its entire complement of DNA
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Genotype
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The structure that carries hereditary information and contain genes.
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Chromosome
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This makes up the bacterial chromosome...
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DNA
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Acts a portable blueprint for protein..
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mRNA
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This is a double stranded molecule
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DNA
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These are single stranded molecules
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mRNA and tRNA
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This contains deoxyribiose
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DNA
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This might contain the sequence AATTCGATTC
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DNA
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This might contain the sequence AAUUCGAUC
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mRNA and tRNA
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This moves to a ribesome, then is "read, and protein is assembled
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mRNA
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Brings in correct amino acid according to the 3 bases (codon) being "read"
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tRNA
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In these 2 things DNA is unwound and unzipped
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Replication and Transcription
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In this both complete strands of DNA are copied
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Replication
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Part of one strand of DNA is copied by only one gene.
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Transcription
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In this amino acids are brought to a ribosome and linked together.
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Translation
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Ribosomes, mRNA, and tRNA are involved...
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Translation
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This requires RNA polymerase..
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Transcription
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This requires DNA polymerase
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Replication
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What are the 4 nucleotide bases...
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A, C, G, U
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Three-base segments of mRNA are called..
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codons
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The transfer of information from DNA to protein
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protein synthesis
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This must be performed prior to bacterial cell reproduction..
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Replication
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During DNA replication, the 2 strands of the double helix make _______.
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separate DNA. DNA -> DNA
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Enzyme that synthesizes DNA by copying a DNA template.
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DNA polymerase
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The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
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Transcription
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The use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of protein.
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Translation
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In transcription DNA changes to...
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mRNA
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In translation the mRNA changes to ____, which changes to _____.
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tRNA, then protein
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What is the sequence of events after a bacterium entered an environment high in lipids
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1. Based on a sequence of DNA, a molecule of mRNA is constructed. 2. Ribosomes read the mRNA and the tRNA brought the correct amino acids. 3. The amino acid chains were completed and function as he enzyme lipase. 4. Lipase breaks down the lipid into smal carbon chains. 5. The bacterium can use the smaller carbon chains for energy or to build other compounds.
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In a protein that is normally 150 amino acids long, the protein is one amino acid too long, the stop codon is not affected.
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Triple insertion.
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In a protein that is normally 150 amino acids long, amino acid is missing #103, every other one is there..
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Triple deletion
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In a protein that is normally 150 amino acids long, the protein is 122 amino acids long.
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mutation changed a codon to stop a codon.
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In a protein that is normally 150 amino acids long, it contains the wrong amino acids from amino acid #36 to the end..
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frameshift mutation
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In a protein that is normally 150 amino acids long, the protein contains 174 amnio acids.
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Mutation of the stop codon didn't stop the process
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T pairs with ___, C pairs with ____
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A, G
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What are nonsense mutations?
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changed to stop codons
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What are missense mutations?
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Codes for the wrong amino acids
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In a ______ mutation, one or a few base pairs are deleted or added to DNA
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frameshift
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Silent mutations code for the
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same amnio acid
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Which mutations cause the most change?
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Nonsense and frameshift
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This mutation is not harmful..
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silent
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O-F tubes are ___ prior to inoculation.
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Green
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What does a yellow O-F tube indicate...
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The organism is using carbohydrates
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What is the morphology of E. coli?
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Rod shaped
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What is the morphology of Staph epi?
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Cocci/sphere
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What is the morphology of Bacillus substilis?
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Rod shaped
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Does E. coli have negative or positive gram stain?
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negative
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Does Staph epi have negative or positive gram stain?
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positive
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Does Bacilus subtilis have negative or positive gram stain?
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positive
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The O-F results for E. coli are ...
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both yellow
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The color of a positive fermentation tube test result is..
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Pink to yellow.
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The color of a negative fermentation tube test result is..
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pink or reddish
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What color does a gram negative bacterium stain?
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pink
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What color does a gram positive bacterium stain?
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purple
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What bacterial species was positive for endospores?
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Bacillius subtilisis
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What information does a negative stain give you?
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The only thing it gives you is - shape and morphology.
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Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy-yielding reactions. Oxygen is required.
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Obligate aerobe
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What is the growth of an obligate aerobe in a test tube?
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Only at the top
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Explain the growth pattern of an obligate aerobe
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Growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium.
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This has both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth n presence of oxygen.
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Facultative anaerobe
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What is the growth of a facultative anaerobe in a test tube?
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More at the top then floats around the rest of test tube.
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What is the growth pattern of facultative anaerobe?
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Growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube.
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Only anaerobic growth, ceases in presence of oxygen
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Obligate anaerobe
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What is the growth of an obligate anaerobe a test tube?
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only at the bottom
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What is the growth pattern of obligate anaerobe
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growth occurs only where there is no oxygen
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Only anaerobic growth; but continues in the presence of oxygen
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aerotolerant anaerobe
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What is the growth of an aerotolerant anaerobe in a test tube?
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grows in the test tube evenly
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What is the growth pattern of aerotolerant anaerobe?
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growth occurs evenly, oxygen has no effect
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Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration.
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Microaerophilic
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What is the growth pattern of microaerophilic in a test tube?
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Grows in the middle of test tube.
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What is the growth pattern of microaerophilic?
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growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium
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With oil = green, without oil: green.
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Organism did not use carbohydrate.
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With oil = green, without oil: yellow.
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obligate aerobe
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With oil = yellow, without oil: yellow
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facultative anaerobe
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With oil = yellow, without oil: green
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obligate anaerobe
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Carbohydrate catabolism must have ___ ATPs
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38
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CO and cyanide...
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block the flow of electrons
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Glycolosis makes how many ATPs
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2
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The Krebs cycle makes how many ATPs.
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2
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Chemiosmosis makes how many ATPs for each glucose broken down
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32
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This reaction requires energy and molecules are put together..
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Anabolism
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This reactions releases energy and takes molecules apart.
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Catabolism
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What are the 3 reasons for breaking down carbohydrates..
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1. Make ATP. 2. Make smaller carbon chains to make other organic compounds. 3. Humans produce heat.
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Fermenters are found in...
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Glycoloysis and fermentation
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Aerobic cell respirators require ____ and produce ___
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oxygen and produce 38 ATP/glucose
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Anaerobic cell respirators require ____ and produce ___.
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no oxygen and produce less than 38 ATP
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DNA has...
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double strands, twisted ladder, and alternating sides
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In RNA Thymine is replaced by...
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Uracil
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There are 3 RNAs..
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mRNA= messenger, tRNA=transfer, and rRNA = ribosomal
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What is the order of DNA...
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DNA -> Transcription -> mRNA -> Translation -> protein
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In translation mRNA is...
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read by a ribosome and the protein is assembled
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AUG is known as the...
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start codon.
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DNA polymerase is needed for..
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replication/repair
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mRNA polymerase reads...
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DNA and makes mRNA
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