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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine system
1. Function 2. Effect |
1. regulates growth and development, responds to stress, reproduction, fluid balance, and other physiological processes
2. Tissues and organs of endocrine system secrete hormones |
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Nervous system
1. Function 2. Effect |
1. work with endocrine system (hypothalamus); helps regulate endocrine system
2. neuron excitability: neurons, muscles, gland cells; respond rapidly to stimuli and transmits signals |
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describe cellular communication within an organism
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1. endocrine system. Chemical communication occurs via circulatory fluid (multicellular)
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describe cellular communication between organisms
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1. Pheromones - occurs through environment (air and water)
2. unicellular |
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1. Describe primary endocrine organs
2. examples |
1. secrete hormones only
2. pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenal |
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1. Describe secondary endocrine organs
2. examples |
1. secrete hormones, and have another function
2. ex: heart, skin, stomach, etc... |
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1. Describe endocrine gland
2. examples |
1. produce and secrete hormones
2. thyroid, adrenal gland |
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1. Describe exocrine gland
2. examples |
1. release secretions into ducts
2. sweat glands |
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What are the endocrine organs and glands (don't name specific ones)?
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1. primary endocrine organs
2. secondary endocrine organs 3. endocrine glands 4. exocrine glands |
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What are the chemical groups of hormones?
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1. fatty acid derivatives
2. steroids 3. amino acid derivatives 4. peptides and proteins |
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Describe fatty acid derivatives
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1. prostaglandin -juvenile hormone of insects
2. long fatty acid chain sometimes with head 3. 5 carbon ring structure |
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Describe steroids hormone groups
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1. secreted by adrenal cortex, ovaries, testis
2. molting hormone 3. cyclic backbone 4. ex: cortisol, testosterone |
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Describe amino acid derivatives
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1. thyroid hormone, epinephrine
2. amino acid back bone |
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Describe peptide and protein hormone groups
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1. largest hormone group
2. ADH, glucagon, insulin 3. different between peptide and proteins (length of chains) |
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What are the feedback cycles and what do they do?
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1. Negative feedback (reg. hormone levels) ex: calcium regulation by parathyroid
2. Positive feedback : amplification |
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Function of neurohormones of insects
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regulate metabolism, growth, molting, metamorphosis, behavior, and reproduction
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What are some insect hormones?
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1. Brain hormone (BH)
2. Juvenile hormone (JH) 3. Maturation hormone (MH) |
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Describe BH
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1. environmental stimulus
2. stored in corpora cardiaca |
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Describe JH
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1. in charge of metamorphosis
2. supresses metamorphosis at each larval molt. 3. metamorphosis will occur when JH decreases below critical level 3. stimulates growth and molting |
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Describe MH
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1. molting
2. stimulates growth and molting |
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Function of hormones in vertebrates?
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1. growth, development, fluid balance, metabolism, reproduction
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What are some problems with hormone secretion in vertebrates?
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1. hypersecretion
2. hyposecretion 3. target cell receptor malfunction |
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What is hypersecretion
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1. target cells are over stimulated
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What is hyposecretion
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1. target cells are deprived of needed stimulation
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What glands are involved with the integration of the nervous and endocrine systems?
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1. hypothalamus
2. pituitary gland |
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Describe hypothalamus
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1. primary place of interaction between the NS and ES
2. regulate activity of the pituitary 3. produce neurohormones |
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Describe posterior pituitary
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1. ADH secretion
2. Oxytocin secretion 3. develops from neural cells |
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What types of hormones does hypothalamus produce?
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1. releasing hormones
2. tropic hormones |
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How do the hormones produced by the hypothalamus make their way to the ANTERIOR pituitary gland?
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through the blood portal system
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What is the portal system?
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1. capillaries that transport hormones made by hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
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What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?
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1. ACTH
2. TSH 3. FSH 4. LH 5. GH 6. PRL |
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Describe thyroid gland
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1. secretes T3 and T4
2. in the neck region, in front of trachea 3. metabolism, growth, calcium levels 4. negative feedback regulated 5. calcitonin |
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What are some thyroid disorders?
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1. Graves disease
2. Goiter |
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What is graves disease?
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1. autoimmune
2. hyperthyroidism 3. antibodies bind to TSH receptors and increase thyroid hormone level |
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What is goiter?
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1. enlargement of thyroid gland
2. hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism 3. iodine deficiency |
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Describe parathyroids
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1. connective tissue surrounding thyroid
2. PTH secretion 3. regulates calcium homeostasis 4. Calcitonin |
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What is PTH?
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1. regulates calcium levels
2. act as g-linked receptor |
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Describe calcium homeostasis: increase Ca level
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1. stimulation of parathyroids
2. PTH secretion 3. stimulation of bone (release Ca), kidneys (reabsorption of calcium), and intestines (absorption of calcium) |
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What does calcitonin do?
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inhibits removal of Ca from bone
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Describe calcium homeostasis: decrease Ca level
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1. thyroid stimulated
2. calcitonin secretion 3. inhibits osteoclast release of Ca, and kidney reabsorption of Ca |
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What are the cells of the pancreas called?
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Islets of Langerhans
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What cells are created in the islets of langerhans?
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alpha and beta cells
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what is the primary function of alpha cells?
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production of glucagon
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what is the primary function of beta cells?
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production of insulin
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Describe type I diabetes
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1. insulin dependence
2. decrease in beta cells 3. replace with insulin shots 4. autoimmune 5. body attacks beta cells 6. insulin deficient |
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What is type II diabetes?
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1. insulin independent
2. lack of functional receptors on target cells 4. 90 % of cases 5. insulin resistant |
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What does insulin do?
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1. promotes storage of fuel in molecules
2. decreases glucose concentration in blood |
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What does glucagon do?
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1. raise blood glucose level
2. stimulate liver to convert glycogen into glucose |
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What is hypoglycemia and describe its process?
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1. impaired glucose intolerance
2. delayed insulin response 3. leads to hypersecretion of insulin 4. glucose concentration falls and causes drowsiness |
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Describe adrenal glands
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1. above kidneys
2. have cortex and medulla |
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What is the adrenal cortex (inner) responsible for?
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1. long term response to chronic stress
2. secretion of aldosterone and cortisol, and sex hormones |
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What is the medulla (outer) responsible for?
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1. short term response to alarm reaction
2. secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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describe the role of aldosterone
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1. regulate Na and K reabsorption/excretion rates
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describe the role of epinephrine
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1. increaes heart rate
2. increase metabolic rate 3. increase muscular contractions |
