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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Element |
A substance that cannot be decomposed in to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical or physical means |
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Atom |
Smallest unit of an element |
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Valence electrons |
Those that occupy the outermost shell. They are the electrons involved in bonding atoms together |
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Octet rule |
Atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons until they are surrounded by 8 valence electrons |
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Ionic bonds |
Electron transfer creates charged atoms(ions) that are strongly attached to each other |
Electrons lend |
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Covalent bonds |
A bond formed when atoms actually share the electrons in their outer shell
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Strongest bond! Two atoms are better then one |
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Metallic bonds |
Each atom contributes valence electrons to a "sea" of electrons |
Mostly metals |
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Ions |
Charged particles |
If you steal a charge it becomes positive |
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Mineral |
Any naturally occurring, inorganic, solid that possess an orderly crystalline structure and can be expressed by a chemical formula. |
Crystalline structure = organized structure |
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Nucleus |
Proton and neutrons |
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Electrons |
Not in the nucleus, only around
(-) |
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Proton |
Positive |
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Neutron |
Neutral |
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Atomic mass |
Protons+neutrons |
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Atomic number |
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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Periodic table |
The tabular arrangement of the elements according to the atomic number |
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Which element has 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus? |
Carbon |
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The atom Ca2+ is most likely to form which type of bond? |
Ionic |
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An atom has an atomic mass of 23 and an atomic number of 11. How many neutrons are in the nucleus? |
12 |
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Luster |
The appearance of light reflected from the surface of a mineral |
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Streak |
The color of a mineral in its powdered form |
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Cleavage |
A tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weak bonding. |
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Fracture |
Occurs when there are chemical bonds that are equally strong in multiple directions |
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Density |
Mass per volume (G/cm3) |
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Specific gravity |
A measure of the density of a mineral compared to the density of an equal volume of water |
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Tenacity |
The behavior of a mineral toward the forces that tend to break, bend, cut or crush it |
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Silicate |
Any one of numerous minerals that have the oxygen&silicon tetrahedron as their basic structure |
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Rock |
A structure composed of four oxygen atoms surrounding a silicon atom that constitutes the basic building block of silicate minerals |
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Rock-forming mineral |
The minerals that make up most of the rocks of Earths crust |
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Felsic |
The group of igneous rocks composed primarily of feldspar and Quartz |
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Mafic |
Igneous rocks with a low silica content and a high iron-magnesium content |
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MOHS scale |
A series of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness |
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Non-silicate |
Mineral group that lack silicas in their structures and account for less than 10% of earths crust |
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Rock |
A consolidated mixture of minerals |
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Compound |
A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions & usually have properties different from those of its continuity elements. |
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8 most Abundant Elements in Earth |
Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Calcium Sodium Magnesium Potassium Iron |
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7 mineral groups |
Halide Oxides Sulfides Sulfades Carbonate Silicates Native elements (gold) |
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Dark colored minerals |
Mafic (silicates) |
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Light colored minerals |
Felsic (silicates) |
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MOHs scale |
Diamond 10 Corundum 9 Topaz 8 Quartz 7 --------------- streak plate 6.5 Orthoclase 6 --------------- glass/knife blade 5.5 Apatite 5 --------------- wire nail Fluorite 4 --------------- copper penny Calcite 3 --------------- fingernail Gypsum 2 Talk 1 |
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Metallic, non- metallic, pearly, and dull are terms associated with which mineral property? |
Luster |
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Which mineral has a hardness of 3 and effervesces (fizzes) when you apply acid? |
Calcite CaCO3 |
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Even though this mineral has both a metallic and non metallic form, it can be identified by its characteristic red streak? |
Hematite (Fe2O3) |
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Explain how you could differentiate between a sample of Quartz, halite, and calcite |
It's physical appearance Quartz: conchoidal fractures Halite: square, cleavage Calcite: double refraction |
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Ocean crust rock type |
Basalt |
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Continental crust rock type |
Granite |
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Cations |
Positively charged |
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What makes minerals different? |
•Chemical formula •And the arrangement of the atoms (crystal structure) |
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Crystal shape or habit of Quartz |
>hexagonal (5 sided) > pyramidal tip |
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Crystal shape or habit of Pyrite |
>Cubic |
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Crystal shape or habit of Kyanite |
>Bladed |
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Crystal shape or habit of Fluorite |
>Octanedron |
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Halide |
Halite (Nacl) •3 planes cleavage at 90 degrees |
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Carbonate |
Calcite (Caco3) •3 planes of cleavage at 90 degrees • reacts to acid |
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Oxides |
Magnetite (Fe3o4) • metallic luster • hardness 5-6 & black streak Hematite (Fe2o3) • metallic or non metallic luster |
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Sulfides |
Pyrite (FeS2) • metallic • black streak •cubic & octahedron |
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Sulfates |
Gypsum (CaSo4 2h2o) • hardness 2 •used in wallboard • may show striation |
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Rock cycle |
Viewed over long spans, rocks are constantly forming, changing and re-forming |
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Igneous rock |
Forms when molten rock(magma) originating from deep within the Earths solidifies. The chemical composition of the magma and its cooling rate determine the final rock type |
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Magma (Intrusive igneous rock) |
Forms when rock melts deep beneath earths surface |
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Lava (Extrusive igneous rock) |
On Top of earths surface |
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Plutonic |
Inside the earth |
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Magmatic differentiation |
The process of crystal settling |
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Dike |
Discordant features; they cut across (vertical) the existing layers of structures in the country rock |
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Sill |
Concordat features; nearly horizontal they exploit weaknesses between layers of existing rocks |
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Glassy texture |
A term used to describe the texture of certain igneous rocks, such as obsidian, that contain no crystals |
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Fine-grained |
A texture of igneous rocks in which the crystals are too small for individual minerals to be distinguished with the unaided eye. |
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Coarse- grained |
Large enough to see with the naked eye |
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Crystal settling |
During the crystallization of magma, the settling of the earlier formed minerals that are denser than the liquid portion of the bottom of the magma chamber |
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Batholith |
A large mass of igneous rocks that formed when magma was emplaced at depth, crystallized, and subsequently exposed by erosion |
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Basaltic |
Rock contains substantial dark silicate minerals & calcium- rich plagioclase feldspar (Mafic) |
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Intermediate |
Composition of igneous rocks lying between Felsic and Mafic |
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Laccolith |
A massive igneous body intruded between pre existing strata |
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Phenocryst |
In an igneous rock with a porphyritic texture, a conspicuously large crystal embedded in a matrix of finer-grained crystals called the ground mass |
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Porphyritic |
An igneous texture consisting of large crystals embedded in a matrix of much smaller crystals |
Started under ground then got thrown above |
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Pyroclastic |
An igneous rock texture resulting from the consolidation of individual rock fragments that are ejected during a violent volcanic eruption |
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Vesicular |
Holes in it, due to gas bubbles |
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Pumice |
Floats in water
Glassy |
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Tuff |
Small particles |
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Volcanic breccia |
Large particles |
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Sedimentary rock |
Formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They form from deposits that accumulate on the earths surface |
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Detritus sedimentary rock |
Made up of pieces of pre-existing rocks. Pieces of rock are loosened by weathering, then transported to some basin or depression where sediment is trapped. If the sediment is buried deeply, it becomes compacted & cemented, forming sedimentary rock. Based on grain size |
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Chemical sedimentary rock |
Formed by chemical precipitation. This process begins when water traveling through rock dissolves some of the minerals, carrying them away from their source. Eventually these minerals are redeposited when the water evaporates away or when the water becomes over-saturated.
Temp changes - precipitation Do not need organisms |
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Biochemical sedimentary rock |
Forms from once- living organisms. They may form accumulated carbon-rich plant material or from deposits of animal shells - calcite |
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Weathering |
To break a rock down either chemically or physically in its place |
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Lithification |
Make them into a new sedimentary rock
Compaction & cementation |
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Compaction |
Water filled, add pressure |
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Cementation |
Circulation of mineral bearing ground water |
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Precipitation |
Can only hold so much mineral before pushing out as a solid |
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Erosion |
The incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, such as water, wind or ice |
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Evaporation |
The process of converting a liquid to a gas |
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Evaporate deposit |
A sedimentary rock formed of material deposited from solution by evaporation of water |
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Fossils |
The remains or traces of organisms preserved from the geologic past |
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Sediment |
Unconsolidated particles created by the weathering and erosion of rock, by chemical precipitation from solution in water, or from the secretions of organisms and transported by water, wind or glaciers |
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Sorting |
The process by which solid particles of various sizes are separated by moving water or wind. Also, the degree of similarity in particle size in sediment or sedimentary rock. |
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Strata |
Parallel layers of sediment rock |
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Inorganic limestone |
Environment changes - does not need living organisms • crystalline limestone • microcrystalline limestone • travertine |
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Non- carbonate chemical sedimentary rock |
• chert - Quartz • rock gypsum- gypsum • rock salt • coal- swampy env.- buried |
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Metamorphic rock |
Rocks that have been substantially changed from their original igneous, sedimentary, or earlier metamorphic form. Forms when rocks are subjected to high heat, high pressure, hot, mineral- rush fluids or, more commonly, some combination of these factors |
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Metamorphism |
A process that leads to changes in the mineralogy, texture, and sometimes chemical composition.
• this continues until the rock reaches a state of equilibrium with the new environment |
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Contact (thermal) metamorphism |
Inbetween hot magma and dry mineral |
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Regional metamorphism |
(Mountain building) |
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Confining stress |
Stress that is applied uniformly in all directions |
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Differential stress |
Forces that are unequal in different directions
• folding • realign minerals |
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Ductile |
A type of solid state flow that produces a change in the size and shape of a rock body without fracturing. Occurs at depths where temperatures and confusing pressure are high |
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Brittle |
Deformation that involve the fracturing of rock. Associated with rocks near the surface |
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Foliation |
A texture of metamorphic rocks that give the rock a layer appearance |
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Geothermal gradient |
The gradual increase in temperature with depth in the crust. The average is 30 degrees per kilometer in the upper crust |
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3 agents of metamorphic rocks ••Heat•• |
Within the earth, temperatures rise at an average rate of 25 degrees Celsius/ km
At a depth of 8 km (5 miles): - clay minerals crystallize to micas and chlorite |
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3 agents of metamorphic rocks ••pressure•• |
Confining and differential |
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3 agents of metamorphic rocks ••chemical•• |
Fluids that surround mineral grains and act as catalyst to promote recrystallization through ion migration
• minerals tend to recrystallize and grow longer in the direction perpendicular to the different stresses |
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Grades of metamorphism |
Back (Definition) |
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Common metamorphic rock |
Foliated: Slate Phyllite Schist Gneiss Non foliated: Marble Quartzite |
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