Step 1 - Pharm - Glaucoma And Opioid Analgesics

Front 1

These five classes of drugs are used to treat glaucoma

Back 1

Alpha-agonists, beta-blockers, diuretics, cholinomimetics (muscarinic agonists), prostaglandins

Front 2

MOA of epinephrine, when considering its indication for glaucoma

Back 2

Alpha-agonist. Vasoconstricts, leading to decreased synthesis of aqueous humor

Front 3

MOA of brimonidine

Back 3

Alpha-agonist. Decreases aqueous humor synthesis

Front 4

MOA of beta blockers in glaucoma treatment

Back 4

Decrease secretion of aqueous humor (vs muscarinic agonists, which increase outflow by contracting the ciliary body, and alpha agonists, which decrease synthesis by pinching off vessels)

Front 5

These three beta blockers are used in the treatment of glaucoma

Back 5

Timolol, betaxolol, carteolol

Front 6

This diuretic is also used in the treatment of glaucoma

Back 6

Acetazolamide

Front 7

MOA of acetazolamide

Back 7

Decrease secretion of aqueous humor by decreasing HCO3-

Front 8

This drug is used in emergency treatment of glaucoma, as it is very effective at opening up the canal of Schlemm

Back 8

Pilocarpine

Front 9

MOA of carbachol

Back 9

Muscarinic agonist

Front 10

MOA of physostigmine

Back 10

Muscarinic agonist

Front 11

MOA of echothiophate

Back 11

Muscarinic agonist

Front 12

How do muscarinic agonists help treat glaucoma (pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine, echothiophate)?

Back 12

Increase outflow of aqueous humor by contracting the ciliary muscles and opening trabecular meshwork (opening up canals of Schlemm)

Front 13

MOA of latanoprost

Back 13

PGF2-alpha analog. Like muscarinic agonists, it increases outflow of aqueous humor

Front 14

Side effects of latanoprost

Back 14

Darkens color of iris (browning)

Front 15

Side effects of cholinomimetics (pilocarpine, carbachol, physostigmine, echothiophate)

Back 15

Miosis, cyclospasm

Front 16

Do not use this drug in closed-angle glaucoma

Back 16

Epinephrine

Front 17

MOA of morphine

Back 17

Opioid receptor agonist (mu)

Front 18

MOA of fentanyl

Back 18

Opioid receptor agonist

Front 19

MOA of codeine

Back 19

Opioid receptor agonist

Front 20

MOA of methadone

Back 20

Opioid receptor agonist

Front 21

MOA of meperidine

Back 21

Opioid receptor agonist

Front 22

MOA of dextromethorphan

Back 22

Opioid receptor agonist

Front 23

Delta opioid receptor receives this compound

Back 23

Enkephalin

Front 24

Kappa opioid receptor receives this compound

Back 24

Dynorphin

Front 25

Mu opioid receptor receives this compound

Back 25

Morphine

Front 26

What do opioid receptors do?

Back 26

Open K channels and close Ca channels, thus decreasing synaptic transmission

Front 27

Indications for dextromethorphan

Back 27

Cough suppression

Front 28

Indications for loperamide and diphenoxylate

Back 28

Diarrhea

Front 29

T/F: Opioid analgesics are used in the treatment of pulmonary edema

Back 29

True.

Front 30

Side effects of opioids

Back 30

Respiratory depression, miosis (pinpoint pupils), additive CNS depression with other drugs

Front 31

Tolerance does not develop to these side effects of opioid analgesics

Back 31

Miosis, constipation

Front 32

Treatment of opioid toxicity

Back 32

Naloxone, naltrexone

Front 33

MOA of naloxone

Back 33

Opioid receptor antagonist

Front 34

MOA of naltrexone

Back 34

Opioid receptor antagonist

Front 35

MOA of butorphanol

Back 35

Partial agonist at opioid mu (morphine) receptor, agonist at kappa (dynorphin) receptor

Front 36

Indications for butorphanol

Back 36

Pain

Front 37

This drug causes less respiratory distress than similar drugs

Back 37

Butorphanol (since it is just a partial agonist)

Front 38

MOA of tramadol

Back 38

Very weak opioid agonist; also inhibits 5-HT and NE reuptake (works on multiple NT's: "tram it all" in)

Front 39

Indications for tramadol

Back 39

Chronic pain

Front 40

This drug decreases thresholds for seizures

Back 40

Tramadol