Statistics Ch. 3

Front 1

Discontinuous

Back 1

assumed integral whole numbers
-Usually counts of things (frequencies)

Front 2

Continuous

Back 2

fall at any point along an uninterrupted scale
-Usually measurements (length, weight, temperature, Ph, etc)
-Measurer may elect to round to the nearest whole unit, this doesn’t change the fact that there can be intermediate values

Front 3

Four Levels of Measurement

Back 3

One: nominal
Two: ordinal
Three: interval
Four: ratio

Front 4

Nominal Scale

Back 4

•Most elementary scale of measurement
•Only identifies categories into which individuals or items may be classified
•Name of category can be substituted by a number
•nominal categories into which counts of people can be assigned

Front 5

Ordinal Scale

Back 5

•Incorporates the classifying and labeling function of the nominal scale, in addition brings to it a sense of order
•Are used to indicate rank order
-Rank order
- may not indicate absolute quiantities

Front 6

Rank order

Back 6

arranged individuals into a sequence ranging from the highest to lowest

Front 7

Interval Scale

Back 7

recognition of precisely how far apart the units are on the scale

Front 8

Interval Scale

Back 8

-This is in addition to rank ordering data
-Have no absolute zero point
-Common interval Scale is temperature

Front 9

Ratio Scale

Back 9

•Highest level of measurement
•Incorporates the properties of interval, Ordinal, and nominal scales.
•Includes an absolute zero

Front 10

Ratio Scale

Back 10

•Gives a rank ordering
•Can simply be applied for labeling purposes
•All mathematical procedures are possible – addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc

Front 11

Tied Observations

Back 11

if large number of observations are collected it’s inevitable that some of the observations will be equal in value

Front 12

Derived number

Back 12

Observations processed in order to generate a number
-ratios, proportions, percentages, rates

Front 13

Ratio

Back 13

Simple relationship between two numbers measured on the same scale

Front 14

Proportion

Back 14

The ratio of a part to a whole

Front 15

Proportional frequency

Back 15

The ratio of the number of individuals in a particular category to the total number in all categories
-when proportion is based on counts of things

Front 16

Rate

Back 16

The value of some variable standardized to a convenient unit of time

Front 17

Incidence rate

Back 17

The reported number of infections per unit time

Front 18

Logarithms

Back 18

Compressed numbers which may span several orders of magnitude onto a convenient scale

Front 19

Count

Back 19

When in observation is of a discreet variable
-usually sure of its precision
-measurement however not exact ever

Front 20

Frequency class

Back 20

When data is grouped into classes rather than record all values individually

Front 21

Class interval

Back 21

The size of each class into which a range of a variable is divided

Front 22

Frequency table

Back 22

statistical record of how often each value in a set of data occurs

Front 23

Frequency distribution

Back 23

The manner in which frequencies are distributed between the frequency classes

Front 24

Frequency table USES

Back 24

Interval measurements
Count data
Nominal scales
Ordinal scales

Front 25

Aggregating Frequency Classes

Back 25

Group adjacent classes to smooth out the distribution

Front 26

Grouped Frequency Table

Back 26

1)Determine the range of scores
-decide how many categories are required
2) divide the range by the number of class intervals
3) construct the class interval column
4) next column insert the midpoint class
5) next column= tally for each individual observation
6) total of the tallies and place in frequency column
7) total the frequency column

Front 27

Bivariate Data

Back 27

A set of observations of two variables from each item or unit in a sample