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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Healthcare Investigation 5 stage process
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Identifiying objectives
Planning Data Collection Analysis Reporting |
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Methods of Statistics
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Sample Surveys
Clinical Trials Epidemiological studies |
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Population
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any collection of individual items or units that are subject of investigation
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Units
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individual items
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Variables
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characteristics of a population that vary from individual to individual
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Examples of Variables
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Length, age, weight, temperature, number of heartbeates (numbers or values can be assigned to these examples
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Sub-Set
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information from a similiar group
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Sample
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info from a smaller group that represents the group as a whole
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Sample
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because it is rare to obtain measurments from a particular variable from all the units in its population, a sample is more practical for investigator to collect.
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Observation
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each unit in the sample provides a record, such as a measurment.
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Sampling Unit
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a collection with specified deminsions
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Observation
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the number of objects or items counted in a sampling unit
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Identfying population under investigation is essential in formulating a
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"null hypothesis"
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Key to GOOD sampling
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formulate the aims of the study
decide what analysis is required to satisy these aims decide what data are required to facillitate the analysis collect the data required by the survey |
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Good Sampling
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sequence is crucial point
info can be obtained through practice records cross checking records maybe required to validate the assessment |
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Target Population
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the number of registered patience within the practice being studied.
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Study Population
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consist of all patients who could actually be selected to form the sample
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Sample Designs
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Simple Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling Quota Sampling Cluster Sampling |
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Designs applied to sampling from finite populations
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Symple, Systematic, and Stratified
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Sampling used when not possible/practicable to enumerate every member of the study population.
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Quota and Cluster Sampling
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Simple Random Sampling
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subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen
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Observer Bias
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personal prejudice as to which items should be selected for measurement
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Systematic Sampling
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similar to random sampling when choosing the first subject of sample then every subsequent 10th or 20th patient is chosen to cover the entire range of the population
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Stratified Sampling
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affective when the population comprises a number of subgroups that are thought to have an effect on the data being collected such as male and female
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Approaches to Stratified Sampling
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Equal Allocation
and Proportional Allocation |
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Forms of statistics in Health Care
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o Patients registered at a GP practice or outpatient clinic
Hospital measurements and records of temperature, blood pressure, and pulse rate Data collected from various surveys, censuses, and clinical trials •Impossible to imagine life without statistics |
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Statistics is used in two senses
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One: Collections of quantitative information, and methods of handling that sort of data
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Statistics is used in two senses
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Two: Drawing of inferences about large groups on the basis of observations made on smaller ones
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Statistics
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Ways of organizing, summarizing and describing quantifiable data, and methods of drawing inferences and generalizing upon them.
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Limitations of statistics
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•Describe data
•Designed experiments •And test hunches about relationships things/events of interest •Tool that helps acceptance or rejection of the hunches within recognized degree of confidence •Statistics never prove anything •Statistics only indicates the likelihood of results being product of chance |
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Scientific Calculator
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calculates mean and standard deviation from single input is INDISPENSABLE
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Computers
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*Undertake any analysis you ask if it, but can’t provide intelligent reasoning
*Don’t know if test used is appropriate for that kind of data you collected *“print-out” of analysis can be confusing without understanding the underlying principles. |
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Two ways of obtaining random numbers
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*By using calculators or pocket computers to generate random numbers
*Random number tables |
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Systematic sampling
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•Possible to generate biased or unrepresentative sample
•Works well if patients in the population are listed in chronological order |
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Subgroups
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are called strata
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Stratum (layer)
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a collection of individuals or sampling units that are as alike as possible
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Equal Allocation
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results in an equal number per stratum
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Proportional Allocation
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sample sizes from each stratum reflect the sizes of those in the population
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Quota sampling
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simple random sample is not chosen from each stratum – instead – sample is obtained by using the most accessible patients, as long as they represent the identified subgroups
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Quota sampling
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The accessible individuals may not be representative of the study populations – like people at work, students in class, etc.
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Cluster sampling
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involves dividing the population into subgroups called clusters each cluster must include all the various characteristics that the population might contain
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Cluster sampling
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•Idea is not to have a homogeneous group
•Commonly used when population covers an area that can be divided by region •Small number of clusters are selected at random •Key problem is choosing appropriate clusters |
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Stratification
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used when it’s known that the response of interest is related to some factor (age or sex)
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Statistics
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measures that describe a variable of a sample
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Parameters
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hypothetical population of all observations that could be made during the observation period
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Descriptive Statistics
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•Used to organize to summarize and describe measures of a sample
•No predictions or inferences are made |
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Inferential Statistics
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used to infer or predict population parameters from sample measures
*Done by inductive reasoning based on the mathematical theory of probability |
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Parametric Methods
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the oldest, most often used by Statisticians, not always appropriate for analyzing Medical Data
-Make strict assumptions that may not always hold true |
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Non-Parametric Methods
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avoid labor as and repetitive calculations
-Not based upon stringent assumptions -Simpler to apply |
