Spom Exam 3 - Urinary System - Powerpoint Cards

Front 1

4 processes of urinary system?

Back 1

Filtration
Reabsorption and Secretion
Concentration of Urine
Excretion

Front 2

The process by which the kidney removes unwanted substances from the plasma.

Desired substances reabsorbed

Back 2

Filtration

Front 3

Process of filtration occurs through what membrane?

Back 3

Glomerular membrane

Front 4

What kind of pressure is used to creat pressure gradient to filter substances through the glomerular membrane?

Back 4

Osmotic Pressure

Front 5

Basic functional unit of the kidney?

Approximately how many per kidney?

Back 5

Nephron

Approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney

Front 6

What has 2 limbs and facilitates movement of substances?

Back 6

Loop on Henle

Front 7

What is location where filtration takes place, has vascular pole where blood enters and urinary pole where urine exits?

Essentially it is the combination of the glomerulus and bowman's capsule

Back 7

Renal Corpuscle

Front 8

What do afferent arterioles do with blood?

Back 8

Carry blood into glomerulus ("APPROACH glomerulus")

Front 9

What do efferent arterioles do with blood?

Back 9

Carry blood out of glomerulus ("EXIT glomerulus")

Front 10

This capillary bed is where filtration occurs

Back 10

Glomerulus

Front 11

Capillaries within glomerulus are made of __________ cells and ___________. (Cells of filtration)

Back 11

Endothelial cells and podocytes

Front 12

What is the structure that surrounds the glomerulus?

Back 12

Bowman's capsule

Front 13

What are the 2 types of cells the make up bowman's capsule and what are their locations?

Back 13

Parietal epithelial cells- outer surface

Mesangial cells- in the lumen of glomerulus and assist blood moving through

Front 14

Arteries:

Run with the radial axis of kidney

Back 14

Interlobar arteries

Front 15

Arteries:

run perpendicular to interlobar arteries

Back 15

Arcuate arteries

Front 16

Arteries:

branch off the arcuate arteries

Back 16

Interlobular arteries

Front 17

Arteries:

comes off other end of capillary bed within renal corpuscle and goes around the proximal convoluted tubule

Also allows for substance exchange between loop of henle and vasa recta

Back 17

Efferent arterioles

Front 18

Describe the pathway of efferent arterioles

Back 18

comes off other end of capillary bed within renal corpuscle and goes around the proximal convoluted tubule → loop of henle → distal convoluted tubule → interlobular veins → arcuate veins

Front 19

Capillary bed that surrounds the entire nephron

Back 19

Vasa recta

Front 20

Describe the path of blood through the vasa recta

Back 20

Drains into stellate veins → interlobular veins → arcuate veins → interlobar veins → renal veins → system

Front 21

Blood flow vs filtrate is in what relative direction?

Back 21

Opposite

Front 22

Renal arteries have one of the highest blood pressures in the body at _________ mmHg

Back 22

100 mmHg

Front 23

Place in order of relative pressure from highest to lowest:

Peritubular capillaries
Arcuate veins
Arcuate arteries
Glomerulus

Back 23

Arcuate artery (100 mmHg)
Glomerulus (45-60 mmHg)
Peritubular capillaries (18, 13, 10 mmHg)
Arcuate veins

Front 24

Second step in filtration is generation of _________ fluid pressure

Back 24

High

Front 25

Cells:

Have contractile properties and provides mechanical barrier to filtration

Back 25

Podocytes

Front 26

Cells:

Forms filtration slits

Back 26

Podocytes

Front 27

Cells:

Has primary and secondary extensive processes.

Back 27

Podocytes

Front 28

Cells:

Secondary process involves pedicels, which are finger-like projections allowing fluid to move through

Back 28

Podocytes

Front 29

Cells:

Fenestrated to allow fluid to pass through

Back 29

Endothelial cells

Front 30

Cells:

2 cell types that make up glomerulus

Back 30

Podocytes and endothelial cells

Front 31

Glomerular membrane has what 3 layers?

Back 31

Lamina densa
Lamina rara Externa
Lamina rar Interna

Front 32

Glomerula membrane is the filtering membrane involved in what step of filtration?

Back 32

Third step

Front 33

Glomerular membrane layers:

Utilizes size exclusion

Back 33

Lamina densa

Front 34

Glomerular membrane layers:

Utilizes collagen and laminin

Back 34

Lamina densa

Front 35

Glomerular membrane layers:

Utilizes heparin sulfate

Back 35

Lamina rara (externa & interna)

Front 36

Glomerular membrane layers:

Central layer that appears dark

Back 36

Lamina densa

Front 37

Glomerular membrane layers:

Surrounds central layer and appears light in color

Back 37

Lamina rara (externa & interna)

Front 38

Glomerular membrane layers:

Resists movement of charged particles

Back 38

Lamina rara (externa & interna)

Front 39

2 functions of glomerular membrane

Back 39

1. Pass large amounts of fluid
2. Have selective permeability

Front 40

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is averaged at _____ L / Day or _______ the body weight or _________ mL / Minute

Back 40

180 L / Day
or
Twice the body weight
or
125 mL / Minute

Front 41

What are 3 functions of Mesangial cells?

Back 41

1. Provides structural support
2. Synthesis of ECM
3. When mesangial cells contract:
a. Decreases glomerular membrane area
b. Decreases GFR

Front 42

Cells:

These are contractile cells

Back 42

Mesangial cells

Front 43

Cells:

How do mesangial cells affect blood flow?

Back 43

Decreases flow within glomerulus during contraction, and thus decrease GFR (glomerular filtration rate)

Front 44

What are the 2 hormone receptors of Mesangial cells?

What is their main function?

Back 44

ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) and A II (angiotensin II)

These control kidney blood flow

Front 45

What are the 3 cells types in Juxtoglomerular Apparatus?

Back 45

Macula densa cells
Juxtoglomerular cells (JG cells)
Extraglomerular mesangial cells (Lacis cells)

Front 46

Juxtoglomerular Apparatus cells:

Columnar epithelial cells
Secretory cells
Modified DCT cells

*Senses ionic content and water volume – when ionic content decreases, GFR decreases

Back 46

Macula densa cells

Front 47

Juxtoglomerular Apparatus cells:

-Modified smooth muscle cells
-Secretory cells – they secrete renin
-Line afferent and efferent arterioles
-*Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (inactive),
then angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II (active)
-Angiotensin II is a vasopressor thus when blood pressure increases, GFR increases

Back 47

Juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)

Front 48

Juxtoglomerular Apparatus cells:

-Have extensive cell processes
-Gap junctions
-Fills the space between macula densa and JG cells and helps signal between the two cell types

Back 48

Extraglomerular mesangial cells (Lacis cells)

Front 49

Two methods of reabsorption and secretion

Back 49

Active transport
Diffusion

Front 50

Types of active transport:

-ATP driven

Back 50

Primary

Front 51

Types of active transport:

-ATP independent (no ATP required)
-Carrier proteins

Back 51

Secondary

Front 52

What are the two types of active transport?

Back 52

Primary
Secondary

Front 53

What are the two types of diffusion?

Back 53

Passive (Gradient)
Facilitated

Front 54

Types of Diffusion:

-Osmotic
-Concentration
-Charge

Back 54

Passive (Gradient)

Front 55

Types of Diffusion:

-Ion Channels
-Carrier Proteins

Back 55

Facilitated

Front 56

Tubules:

1. Low columnar cuboidal epithelium
2. Brush border – increase cell membrane surface area
3. Apical caniliculi

Back 56

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 57

Tubules:

Function is absorption and secretion

Back 57

Proximal

Front 58

Tubules:

1. Cuboidal Epithelium
2. Penetrates the Cortex
3. NO brush border, doesn’t have a lot of surface area, not a major player in absorption

Back 58

Distal

Front 59

Tubules:

How does DCT differ from PCT?

Back 59

DCT differs from PCT in:

-No Brush border
-No apical Canaliculi
-Cells smaller
-More mitochondria (ion exchange)

Front 60

Back 60

Front 61

Tubules:

-Cuboidal Epithelium
-From nephron to ureters
-Empties from medullary pyramids

Back 61

Collecting tubule

Front 62

Tubules:

Function is permeability to H2O regulated by hormonal response

Back 62

Collecting tubule

Front 63

Concentration of Urine:

Concentrated Urine is formed by ___________ the amount of H2O

Back 63

decreasing

Front 64

Concentration of Urine:

What are two important structures in concentration of urine?

Back 64

-Loop of Henle
-Juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 65

Concentration of Urine:

What are two mechanisms for concentrating urine?

Hint: One is active, the other is passive

Back 65

-Active transport of Na+
-Passive diffusion of Urea

Front 66

Concentration of Urine:

Decreasing Body fluid osmolality = ____ H2O in urine = _____ Urine

Back 66

Decreasing body fluid osmolality = (increasing) H2O in urine = (Dilute) urine

Front 67

Concentration of Urine:

Increasing Body fluid osmolality = ____ H2O in urine = _____ Urine

Back 67

Increasing body fluid osmolality = (decreasing) H2O in urine = (Concentrated) urine

Front 68

Concentration of Urine:

*The further down into the tissue you go in the kidney pyramid, from cortex to medulla, the _________ the osmotic pressure – this creates the osmotic gradient.

________ osmotic pressure drives water out of the filtrate. Then, majority of water is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Back 68

Higher


High

Front 69

Concentration of Urine:
Nephrons:

-Short Thick Descending
-Long Thin Descending and Ascending
-Short Thick Ascending

Back 69

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

Front 70

Concentration of Urine:
Nephrons:

-Very Short Thin Descending
-NO Thin Ascending

Back 70

Cortical Nephrons

Front 71

Concentration of Urine:
Nephrons:

Has short, thin sections of the Loop of Henle where passive diffusion out of the loop takes place

Back 71

Cortical Nephrons

Front 72

Concentration of Urine:
Permeability:

Descending limb is ___________ to water and ___________ to NaCl as the tube goes into the medulla

Back 72

Descending limb is (permeable) to water and (impermeable) to NaCl as the tube goes into the medulla

Front 73

Concentration of Urine:
Permeability:

Ascending limb is ___________ to water and ___________ to NaCl

Back 73

Ascending limb is (impermeable) to water and (permeable) to NaCl

Front 74

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Back 74

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Front 75

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Back 75

Juxtamedullary Nephron

Front 76

Juxtamedullary Nephron:

Permeability:

Back 76

Juxtamedullary Nephron:

Permeability:

Front 77

Concentration of Urine:

What are 2 key structures of Countercurrent mechanism?

Back 77

-Loop of Henle
-Ascending
-Descending
-Vasa Recta

Front 78

Excretion of Urine:

What are the 2 main structures of urine excretion process outside the nephron?

Back 78

-Collecting Tubules
-Papillary Ducts

Front 79

Excretion of Urine:

Outside of nephron: ___________ come together to form ___________, which collect fluid from nephrons

Back 79

(collecting tubules) come together to form (papillary ducts), which collect fluid from nephrons

Front 80

Excretion of Urine:

What are the 4 main structures of urine excretion process outside the nephron?

Back 80

-Renal pelvis
-Calyces
-Ureter
-Bladder

Front 81

Excretion of Urine:

Under each renal pyramid: you can see ___________ – they all combine to form ___________

Back 81

Under each renal pyramid: you can see (minor calyces) – they all combine to form (major calyces)

Front 82

Excretion of Urine:

All major calyces come together and form the ___________ – this whole area is called the ___________

Back 82

All major calyces come together and form the (ureter proper) – this whole area is called the (renal pelvis)

Front 83

Excretion of Urine:

Ureter Is formed from calyces:
What are the 3 layers?

Back 83

-Mucosa
-Lamina Propria
-Smooth Muscle

Front 84

Excretion of Urine:

3 Layers of ureter:
What layer is on the inside – with transitional epithelium?

Back 84

Mucosa

Front 85

Excretion of Urine:

3 Layers of ureter:
What layer varies from loose to dense CT between mucosa

Back 85

Lamina Propria

Front 86

Excretion of Urine:

3 Layers of ureter:
What layer is on the outside- internal longitudinal, middle, and outer longitudinal?

Back 86

Smooth muscle

Front 87

Excretion of Urine:

Section of the ureter:
What epithelium is specifically designed to stretch and maintain a waterproof lining that prevents water from moving through the epithelium?

Back 87

Transitional epithelium

Front 88

How many cell layers wide is the ureter in its:

Relaxed state?
Stretched state?

Back 88

Relaxed state= 7-8 cell layers wide

Stretched state= 3 cell layers wide

Front 89

Male ureter is long and is separated into what 4 parts starting from most proximal?

What is the tissue type of each part?

Lastly which part contains the sphincter?

Back 89

-Prostatic (Transitional ep.)
-Membranous (Stratified or pseudostratified columnar ep.)
-contains sphincter
-Bulbous (Pseudostratified columnar ep.)
-Pendulous (Pseudostratified columnar ep.)

Front 90

Female ureter is short and is made of what tissue type?

What tissue is the external sphincter made of?

Back 90

Female urethra is stratified squamous epithelium

External sphincter is striated voluntary