Spom Exam 3 - Endocrine System - Powerpoint Cards

Front 1

What is a system of glands, a delivery system, & their targets?

Back 1

Endocrine System

Front 2

What is the function of the Endocrine System?

Back 2

Production & storage of hormones

Front 3

What are Hormones?

Back 3

-molecules that function as chemical signals
-act at a distance from their site of secretion

Front 4

What are the 2 characteristics of the endocrine system (as it relates to ducts and vasculature)?

Back 4

-endocrine glands release their secretions in a ductless fashion into the bloodstream

-vasculature is used to delivery message to a target at a distance

Front 5

What are some examples of endocrine glands? (6)

Back 5

-pituitary
-thyroid
-parathyroid
-suprarenal/adrenal
-pineal
-ovaries & testes

Front 6

What determines the tissue target of a hormone?

Back 6

the presence of receptors (inside or outside the cell)

Front 7

How much hormone is needed to be effective in chemical causation?

Back 7

Very small concentrations of hormone are needed to be effective

Front 8

What are some examples of endocrine system tissue targets?

Back 8

-other endocrine glands
-kidney
-uterus
-mammary glands
-bone
-muscle
-fat

-Target itself may also be an endocrine gland (nearly every tissue in the body acts as an endocrine gland)

Front 9

What are the 5 types of endocrine system secretions?

Back 9

-Autocrine
-Juxtacrine
-Paracrine
-Endocrine
-Exocrine

Front 10

Types of Exocrine Secretion (cell to cell signaling):

-Cell secretes factor into immediate milieu, factor binds to receptor on the same cell that released it
---often used for regulation

Back 10

Autocrine

Front 11

Types of Exocrine Secretion (cell to cell signaling):

-Cell-to-cell signaling between adjacent cells in contact with one another

Back 11

Juxtacrine

Front 12

Types of Exocrine Secretion (cell to cell signaling):

-cell-to-cell signaling between cells within a short, localized area (factor doesn’t enter vasculature)

Back 12

Paracrine

Front 13

Types of Exocrine Secretion (cell to cell signaling):

-Factors released into local or systemic bloodstream

Back 13

Endocrine

Front 14

Types of Exocrine Secretion (cell to cell signaling):

-Secrete from gland into a duct (i.e. salivary gland, exocrine pancreas)

Back 14

Exocrine

Front 15

5 Endocrine glands discussed in lecture?

Back 15

-pituitary
-adrenal
-endocrine
-pancreas
-thyroid
-parathyroid

Front 16

Aka Hypophysis?

Back 16

Pituitary Gland

Front 17

The pituitary gland sits in the ______ ______ of the _________ bone, and is surrounded by a membrane

The pituitary gland is physically part of the brain, but contains a lot of non-neural (endocrine) tissue as well.

Back 17

(Sella turcica) of the (sphenoid) bone

Front 18

Aka Neurohypophysis or pars nervosa?

Back 18

Posterior Pituitary

Front 19

*What is derived from a down-growth of NEURAL tissue from the diencephalon?

Back 19

-Posterior Pituitary (aka Neurohypophysis or pars nervosa)
and
-Infundibulum

Front 20

Aka Adenohypohysis?

Back 20

Anterior Pituitary

Front 21

What is derived from an upward protrusion of ORAL tissue (ectoderm) called Rathke’s pouch?

Back 21

Anterior Pituitary

Front 22

*What is an upward protrusion of ORAL tissue (ectoderm)?

Back 22

Rathke’s pouch

Front 23

What are the 3 portions based on their association with the remnant of Rathke’s pouch (all anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis)?

What is their geographical location?

Back 23

-Pars distalis (anterior portion)
-Pars intermedia (posterior/neural portion)
-Pars tuberalis (infundibulum)

Front 24

What are the 2 types of pituitary signaling and what are their other names and locations within pituitary gland?

Back 24

-One/single-stage (Neurohypophysis within Posterior pituitary)

-Two-stage (Adenohypophysis within Anterior pituitary)

Front 25

Where in the pituitary gland does one/single-stage signaling take place?

Back 25

Posterior Pituitary

Front 26

Where in the pituitary gland does two-stage signaling take place?

Back 26

Anterior Pituitary

Front 27

Describe the branching of Two Stage signaling (Adenohypophysis)(Anterior pituitary):

(1)______________ ------> (2)______________ ------> (3)______________

Back 27

(1) Hypothalamic Nuclei (Dorsal Medial, Ventral Medial, Infundibular)
------>
(2) Adenohypophysis
------->
(3) Bloodstream

Hormone release from adenohypophysis is controlled by neurons in the HT via specialized portal system

Front 28

Describe the branching of One Stage signaling (Neurohypophysis)(Posterior pituitary):

(1)______________ ------> (2)______________

Back 28

(1) Hypothalamic Nuclei (Supraoptic Nucleus , Paraventricular Nucleus)
------>
(2) Bloodstream

Posterior pituitary is a continuation of the brain, so axons of neurons extend into posterior pituitary and release hormone directly into the bloodstream

Front 29

This structure has:
-hormone-secreting cells
-capillary beds

Back 29

Anterior Pituitar/Adenohypophysis

Front 30

Describe the primary regulation of secretion in the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

Back 30

Releasing hormones from hypothalamus (portal system)

Front 31

Describe the secondary regulation of secretion in the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

Back 31

Direct Effects of the hormones themselves (autoregulation)

Front 32

Describe the tertiary (third) regulation of secretion in the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis

Back 32

Direct effects of other hormones produced under stimulation of the hormones themselves

Front 33

#Which two of the three types of secretion regulation of anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis are negative feedback mechanisms?

Back 33

Secondary & tertiary methods of regulation are negative feedback mechanisms that prevent a massive release of hormone

Front 34

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:

What are the major cell types of Adenohypophysis?

Back 34

-Chromophobes
-Chromophils

Front 35

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:

What cells don’t take up stain and are not associated with hormone secretion?

Back 35

Chromophobes

Front 36

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:

What cells take up stain, associated with active secretion of hormone?

Back 36

Chromophils

Front 37

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:

What are the 4 types of Basophils?

Back 37

-Gonadotrophs
-Thyrotrophs
-Corticotrophs
-Melanotrophs

Front 38

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:
Basophils:

-Reproductive hormones (FSH & LH)

Back 38

Gonadotrophs

Front 39

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:
Basophils:

-Thyrotropin (TSH)

Back 39

Thyrotrophs

Front 40

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:
Basophils:

-Corticotropin (ACTH)

Back 40

Corticotrophs

Front 41

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:
Basophils:

-α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)

Back 41

Melanotrophs

Front 42

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:

What are the two main groups of Chromophils?

Back 42

-Basophils (4 types)
-Acidophils (2 types)

Front 43

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:
Acidophils:

-growth hormone (GH)

#Clinical Correlation (CC): GH-secreting pituitary tumor → gigantism or acromegaly (typically not seen because these disorders are caught early and can be managed well)

Back 43

Somatotrophs

#Clinical Correlation (CC): GH-secreting pituitary tumor → gigantism or acromegaly (typically not seen because these disorders are caught early and can be managed well)

Front 44

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Cell Types:
Acidophils:

-prolactin (PRL)

Back 44

Mammotrophs

Front 45

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:

Name the 4 types of Hypothalmic-releasing hormones

Back 45

(a) Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
(b) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
(c) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
(d) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Front 46

Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:

Name the main inhibiting hormone

Back 46

Somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, GHIH)

Front 47

*Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:

Regulation of Adenohypophysis Secretion occurs by what 2 methods?

Back 47

-Hypothalmic releasing hormones
via the
-Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

Front 48

*Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system:

Describe the branching pathway of arterial supply (from internal carotid artery (ICA)

Superior hypophyseal artery (SHA) → ______________

Back 48

Superior hypophyseal artery (SHA) → pituitary stalk & median eminence

Front 49

*Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system:

Describe the branching pathway of arterial supply (from internal carotid artery (ICA)

Inferior hypophyseal artery → ________________

Back 49

Inferior hypophyseal artery → pituitary stalk & neurohypophysis

Front 50

*#Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system:

The Long hypophyseal vein comes from?

Back 50

the Hypothalmus

Front 51

*#Anterior Pituitary/Adenohypophysis:
Primary regulation of secretion:
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system:

The Short hypophyseal vein comes from?

Back 51

the Posterior Pituitary and Infundibulum

Front 52

What pituitary region?

Continuation of the brain composed of unmyelinated axons whose cell bodies reside in the:
-supraoptic nucleus
-paraventricular nucleus

Back 52

Posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Pars nervosa

Front 53

Where do the cell bodies of unmyelinated axons reside?

Back 53

-Supraoptic nucleus
and
-Paraventricular nucleus

Front 54

Posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Pars nervosa:
Cell types:

-Contain neurosecretory granules that store hormone produced by these unmyelinated supraoptic/paraventricular axons

Back 54

Herring bodies

Front 55

Posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Pars nervosa:
Cell types:

-Similar to astrocyte

Back 55

Pituicytes

Front 56

Hormonal release triggered by neuronal impulse

Back 56

Pars Nervosa & Neural Stalk/Neurohypophysis/Posterior Pituitary

Front 57

Posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Pars nervosa:
Hormones Secreted:

What hormones are secreted in Pars Nervosa and Neural Stalk?

Back 57

-Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) (Arginine Vasopressin)
-Oxytocin

Front 58

Posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Pars nervosa:
Hormones Secreted:

-Paraventricular Nucleus
-Milk ejection reflex in response to nursing, distention of the vagina or cervix
-Stimulates Prolactin release from adenohypphysis (via portal system)

Back 58

Oxytocin

Front 59

Posterior pituitary/Neurohypophysis/Pars nervosa:
Hormones Secreted:

-Supraoptic Nucleus
-Increases reabsorption of H2O at the collecting tubules
-Concentrates Urine

Back 59

Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) (Arginine Vasopressin)

Front 60

Paired organs lying at the superior poles of the kidneys

Back 60

Adrenal glands

Front 61

Two layers of the adrenal glands and their origin

Back 61

-Cortex - epithelial origin
-Medulla - neural crest

Front 62

Adrenal glands:

What are the 3 artery types and where do they drain?

Back 62

-Capsule arteries
-Cortical Arteries
-Medullary Arteries

All drain through the gland into Suprarenal vein

Front 63

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:

What are the 3 layers of the cortex of adrenal glands?

Back 63

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Fasciculata
Zona reticularis

Front 64

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:
What layer?

-Columnar or Pyramidal Cells
-Largely responsible for cell proliferation

Back 64

Zona Glomerulosa

Front 65

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:
What layer?

-Secretion of Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
-Regulation of blood pressure and blood volume

Back 65

Zona Glomerulosa

Front 66

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:
What layer?

-Polyhedral Cells Called Spongyocytes
-Organized in one or two cell thick cords

Back 66

Zona Fasciculata

Front 67

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:
What layer?

-Secretion of Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
-Carbohydrate Metabolism
---Suppress immune response
---In connective tissues, decrease synthesis and promote protein and lipid degradation

Back 67

Zona Fasciculata

Front 68

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:
What layer?

-Irregularly shaped smaller cells
-Organized in irregular cords, forming an anastomozing network

Back 68

Zona reticularis

Front 69

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:
What layer?

-Secretion of Androgens (Deydroepiandrosterone – DHEA) and, possibly, Glucocorticoids
-Only sex steroid secreted in significant quantities by adrenal cortex
---Possible role in immunity and stress response
---Can be converted into testosterone

Back 69

Zona reticularis

Front 70

Adrenal glands:
Cortex:

Describe the Regulation of Adrenal Hormone Secretion (4 characteristics):

Back 70

-Negative Feedback Loop
-Corticotrophin-releasing hormone released from the hypothalamus
-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released from the Adenohypophysis
-ACTH and CRH secretion inhibited by serum concentrations of glucocorticoid

Front 71

Adrenal glands:
Medulla:
Cells:
-Arise from Neural Crest Cells
-Modified sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons without axons and dendrites

Back 71

Chromaffin Cells

Front 72

Adrenal glands:
Medulla:

The adrenal medulla secretes what two catecholamines?

Back 72

-Epinephrine
-Norepinephrine

Front 73

Adrenal glands:
Medulla:
Catecholamines:

-80% of the catecholamines
-smaller cells
-fewer secretory granules

Back 73

Epinephrine

Front 74

Adrenal glands:
Medulla:
Catecholamines:

-20% of the catecholamines
-larger cells
-more secretory granules

Back 74

Norepinephrine

Front 75

Adrenal glands:
Medulla:

The adrenal medulla is stimulated by?

Back 75

-Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
-Glucocorticoids

Front 76

Endocrine Pancreas:

What structure is:
-Lightly stained polygonal cells
---Arranged in cords
---separated by capillaries
-Clusters of cells embedded within the exocrine pancreatic tissue
---100-200 um in diameter
-up to 1 million islets/pancreas
-More abundant in the tail

Back 76

Islets of Langerhans

Front 77

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:

What 5 cells types are within the islets of langerhans?

Back 77

-A
-B
-D
-PP
-Epsilon

Front 78

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:

What do the A cells aka acidophils produce?

Back 78

Glucagon

Front 79

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:

What do the B cells aka Basophils produce?

Back 79

Insulin

Front 80

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:
Hormonal function:

How does insulin affect glucose in the blood?

Back 80

Decreases glucose

Front 81

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:
Hormonal function:

How does glucagon affect glucose in the blood?

Back 81

Increases glucose

Front 82

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:
Hormonal function:

What does somatostatin affect?

Back 82

Inhibits insulin and glucagon release

Front 83

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:
Hormonal function:

What do Pancreatic polypeptides affect?

Back 83

Regulates appetite and food intake

Front 84

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:
Hormonal function:

What does Ghrelin do?

Back 84

It is a satiation inhibitor (stimulates hunger)

Front 85

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:

How are the Islets of Langerhans regulated?

Back 85

-Environmental factors
-Sympathetic stimulation

Front 86

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:

What factors contribute to Type 1 Diabetes?

Back 86

Genetics and Environment (Reduction in B cell mass to 10% of normal values)

Front 87

Endocrine Pancreas:
Islets of Langerhans:

What factors contribute to Type 2 Diabetes?

Back 87

Lifestyle (Loss of adaptive capacity of endocrine pancreas)

Front 88

What structure?

-Two lobes and isthmus
-Originates from endoderm
-Highly vascularized
-Follicles
---20-30 million/organ
---Colloid-containing central cavity
---Variable diameter

Back 88

Thyroid Gland

Front 89

Thyroid Gland:
Cells:

-Simple squamous to columnar epithelium
-Receptors for TSH

Back 89

Thyroid Cells (Follicular Epithelium)

Front 90

Hormones:

-Production
-Storage
-Activation
-Secretion

Back 90

Thyroid Hormone

Front 91

Cells:

-Part of follicular epithelium or isolated clusters
-Larger cells
-Reduced Staining

Back 91

Parafollicular Cells (C Cells)

Front 92

What is the function of Parafollicular Cells (C Cells)?

Back 92

-Calcitonin release
---Decrease blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption
---triggered by increased blood calcium

Front 93

Hormones:

Which are more abundant and which are more potent?

Back 93

-Thyroxine (T4) is more abundant
-Triiodothyronine (T3) is more potent

Front 94

Hormones:

What hormones function to:
-Growth
-Cell differentiation
-Control of oxygen consumption
-Basal metabolic rate
-Metabolism of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

and
Storage:
-Extracellular Colloid
-Thyroglobulin
-3 months supply

Back 94

Thyroid hormones (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine, T4 and T3)

Front 95

6 steps of Thyroid hormone synthesis?

Back 95

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:

-Synthesis of Thyroglobulin, released into colloid
-Uptake of circulating iodide, oxidation, transported into colloid
-Iodination of tyrosines in thyroglobulin:
---Monoiodotryrosine
---Diiodotyrosine
---T3
---T4
-TSH binds receptors on thyroid cells - Thyroglobulin transported back into cell
-T3 and T4 separated enzymatically from thyroglobulin
-T3 and T4 released into circulation

Front 96

What are the hormones of Thyroid Gland regulation through Negative Feedback Loop:

Hypothalmus=?
Anterior Pituitary=?
Thyroid=?

Back 96

Hypthalamus – TRH
Anterior Pituitary – TSH
Thyroid – T3 and T4

Front 97

What are the effectors of Thyroid Gland regulation through TSH secretion:

What 3 factors?

Back 97

-Increasing cold
-Decreasing heat and stress
-Inhibited by thyroid hormones

Front 98

TSH Secretion Stimulates what 3 things?

Back 98

-production and release of T3 and T4
-Follicular cell uptake of colloid
-Hydrolysis of thyroglobulin

Front 99

What structure?

-4 small glands , located behind the thyroid gland
-Derived from pharyngeal pouches
---Superior – fourth
---Inferior - third
-Contained within connective tissue capsule

Back 99

Parathyroid gland

Front 100

Parathyroid Gland:
What cells?

-Small polygonal cells
-Vesicular nucleus
-Pale staining - slightly acidophilic
-Irregularly shaped granules

Back 100

Chief Cells

Front 101

Parathyroid Gland:
What cells?

-Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone

Back 101

Chief Cells

Front 102

Parathyroid Gland:
What cells?

-Smaller population
-Larger polygonal cells
-Acidophilic mitochondria

Back 102

Chief Cells

Front 103

What is the function of chief cells?

Back 103

Unknown

Front 104

What is the Function of Parathryoid Hormone?

Back 104

Increase serum Ca++ concentration

Front 105

Parathyroid Hormone affects BONE in the following ways:

____ osteoblast expression of RANKL
____ osteoblast expression of OPG
____ osteoclast activity
____ bone resorption

Back 105

-Increase osteoblast expression of RANKL
-Decrease osteoblast expression of OPG
-Increase osteoclast activity
-Increase bone resorption

Front 106

Parathyroid Hormone affects Kidney tubule cells in the following ways:

____ Ca++ reabsorption
____ phosphate reabsorption
____ phosphate excretion
____ activation of vitamin D

Back 106

-Increase Ca++ reabsorption
-Decrease phosphate reabsorption
-Increase phosphate excretion
-Increase activation of vitamin D

Front 107

Parathyroid Hormone affects GI Tract in the following ways:

____ Ca++ Absorption
____ by Vitamin D

Back 107

-Increases Ca++ Absorption
-Stimulated by Vitamin D