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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the pelvic girdle?
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-Bear weight/Transfer weight
-Attachment for leg muscles -Contain and protect the pelvic viscera (GI and urinary) -Support abdominopelvic viscera and gravid (pregnant) uterus -Attachment for erectile bodies of external genitalia -Attachment of muscles of pelvic floor |
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What are the 3 major pelvic bones of the boney pelvis?
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Ilium, Ischium, and Pubic bones
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What is the name of the large superior expanse of the Ileum?
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Ala/Fossa
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What is the anterior smooth surface of ala?
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Iliac fossa
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What is inferior part and contributes to the acetabulum?
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Body
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What 2 spines form the iliac crest?
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Anterior superior iliac spine and posterior superior iliac spine (ASIS & PSIS)
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What forms ridge between the ala and body and is the site where force is transmitted?
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Arcuate line
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What part of ischium contributes to the acetabulum?
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Body
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What part of Ischium extends and joins pubic bone to form obturator foramen?
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Ramus
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What part of the Ischium is the large flat surface that supports body when seated and is an important site of muscle attachment?
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Tuberosity
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The Ischial spine divides what 2 notches?
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Greater and lesser sciatic notch
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What is the oblique ridge of the pubic bone?
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Pectineal line
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What is the most superior border of the pubic bone?
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Pubic crest
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What is the protrusion of the meal border of the pectineal line?
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Pubic tubercle
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What part of the pubis bone extends posteriorly and contributes to be obturator foramen?
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Superior and inferior ramus
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What are the lateral wings of the sacrum that articulate with the ilium?
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Ala
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What part of the sacrum is a continuation of the vertebral canal?
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Sacral canal
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What 4 paired structure of the sacrum transmit the ventral rami?
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Anterior foramina
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What 4 paired structure of the sacrum transmits the dorsal rami?
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Posterior foramina
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What pelvic structure is the deep socket for the head of the femur on the lateral aspect of the pelvic bone?
It's structure provides stability to the joint |
Acetabulum
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What pelvic structure is formed by the ischial and pubic bones?
It has a membrane sealing it off as well as overlying the muscles |
Obturator foramen
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What pelvic region live superior to the pelvic inlet and protects the interior abdominal viscera?
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Greater false pelvis
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What pelvic region lies inferior to the pelvic inlet and contains the urinary & reproductive organs?
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Lesser (True) pelvis
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What pelvic region lies superior to the pelvic outlet and is bound by the promontory and ala of the sacrum posteriorly, the linea terminalis laterally and the pubic synthesis anteriorly?
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Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic aperture)
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What line connects the arcuate line, pectineal line and pubic crest?
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Linea terminalis
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What pelvic region lies inferior to the pelvic inlet and has a diamond shaped with four boundaries including the pubic arch anteriorly, the ischial tuberosity's and the sacrotuberous ligament laterally and the tip of the coccyx posteriorly?
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Pelvic outlet
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In normal anatomical orientation of the pelvis, the ASISs and _______ ______ __ ___ _____ _______ are in the same vertical plane
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anterior aspect of the pubic symphysis
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What is the difference in shape of the male and female pelvis?
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The male pelvis is heart-shaped
The female pelvis is round |
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What is the difference in the subpubic angle of the male and female pelvis?
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The male subpubic angle is 50-60°
The female subpubic angle is 80-85° |
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What are the three major joints of the pelvis?
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Lumbosacral joint
Sacroiliac joint Pubic symphysis |
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What pelvic joint is the articulation between L5 and sacrum?
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Lumbosacral joint
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What pelvic joint consists of an anterior synovial joint and posterior syndesmosis?
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Sacroiliac joint
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What is the name of the two muscles of the pelvic wall?
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Obturator internus
Piriformis |
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What are the attachments of the obturator internus?
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Obturator foramen and greater trochanter of femur
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What are the attachments of the piriformis?
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Anterior surface of sacrum and the greater trochanter of femur
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What is the innervation to the obturator internus?
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Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
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What is the function of the obturator internus?
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Lateral rotation of extended hip joint; abduction of flex hip
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What is the function of the piriformis?
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Lateral rotation of extended hip joint; abduction of flex hip
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What is the innervation of the piriformis?
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L5, S1, S2
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What pelvic ligament connects the sacrum to ischial spine?
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Sacrospinous ligament
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What pelvic ligament connects the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity?
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Sacrotuberous ligament
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What 2 ligaments contribute to the formation of the boundaries of the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
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Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
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What foramen is Deep to the obturator internus muscle?
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Obturator foramen
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The piriformis muscle spans what foramen?
The superior and inferior gluteal nerves, arteries and veins, the pudendal nerve and the internal pudendal artery pass here. |
Greater sciatic foramen
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Tendon of the obturator internus passes located here.
The pudenal nerve and internal pudendal artery actually reenter the pelvis here after exiting from the greater sciatic foramen. |
Lesser sciatic nerve
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The pelvic diaphragm forms the basin-like muscular surface of the floor and is composed of what three muscles?
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Pubococcygeus
Ilecoccygeus Coccygeus |
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Connective tissue membrane on the inferior surface of pelvic diaphragm.
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Perineal membrane
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What pouches are Lateral to perineal membranes?
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Perineal pouches
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What muscle is formed by the Pubococcygeus and Ileococcygeus?
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Levator ani
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What are the attachments of the levator ani, pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus?
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Pubic bone – perineal body
Tendonous arch of obturator internus; ischial spine; perineal body |
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What are the attachments of the coccygeus?
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Ischial spine to coccyx
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What is the innervation of the coccygeus?
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S3-S4
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What is the innervation of the Levator ani, Pubococcygeus, and Iliococygeus?
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Inferior rectal branch of pudendal (S2-4) and S4 directly
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What is the function of the Levator ani, Pubococcygeus, and Iliococygeus?
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Support pelvic viscera; maintain angle between anus and rectum; vaginal sphincter; reinforce external anal sphincter
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What is the function of the coccygeus?
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Support pelvic viscera; pull coccyx forward during defecation.
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What is the large region inferior to the pelvic diaphragm?
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Perineum
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What is the name of the triangle:
Anterior Horizontal plane Perineal membrane Urogenital hiatus -Urethra and vagina |
Urogenital triangle
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What is an opening in the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm and the perineal membrane for the urethra as well as the vagina in females.
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Urogenital hiatus
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What triangle is the posterior triangle?
It is primarily in the posterior plane and contains the ischioanal fossa, pudendal canal, and anal canal |
Anal triangle
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What layer of the perineal fascia is continuous with the Camper’s fascia of the abdomen?
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Fatty layer
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What layer of the perineal fascia attaches to the perineal membrane?
-It is continuous with Dartos fasica of penis and scrotum -It connects to fascia lata of the thigh |
Membranous layer
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What layer of perineal fascia:
-Covers bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles -Continues with deep fascia of external abdominal oblique -Fuses with the suspensory ligament of the penis or clitoris |
Deep fascial layer
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What is dense connective tissue that fills the urogenital triangle?
-Its anterior and lateral borders are the pubic arch. -Its posterior border is a free edge that attaches to the perineal body, a thickening located between the urogenital and anal triangles. Many muscles attach to the perineal body. |
Perineal membrane
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What triangle is split into the superficial perineal pouch and deep perineal pouch by the perineal membrane?
-The pouches are superficial and deep in location as if you were about to perform a clinical pelvic exam or dissection. |
Urogenital triangle
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What runs from the deep perineal fascia to the perineal membrane?
-Its contents in males are the root (bulb and crura) of the penis, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, spongy urethra (approximately 20cm long) and the superficial transverse perineal muscle. -Its contents in females are the clitoris, ischiocavernosus, bulbs of vestibule, bulbospongiosus, greater vestibular glands and superficial transverse perineal muscle. |
Superficial perineal pouch
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What is between perineal membrane and pelvic diaphragm?
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Deep perineal pouch
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What is composed mostly of the Ischioanal fossa?
Within that fossa, are the pudendal and anal canal. |
Anal triangle
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Filled with fat
Allows movement of pelvic diaphragm Allows expansion of anal canal during defecation |
Ischio-anal fossae
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Roof = Pelvic diaphragm
Sides = ischium; obturator interus; sacrotuberous ligament |
Anal triangle
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Lateral side of ischio-anal fossae
Contains: Internal pudendal artery and vein Pudendal nerve |
Pudendal canal
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End of large intestine
Pelvic diaphragm to anus |
Anal canal
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*Internal ____________
Superior 2/3 of anal canal Involuntary *External ____________ Inferior 2/3 Voluntary Innervation Inferior rectal branch of pudenal nerve |
Anal sphincter
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What column consists the Superior rectal artery and vein?
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Anal column
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What valve Connects columns?
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Anal valves
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What sinus is Mucus secreting?
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Anal sinuses
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Above:
Superior rectal artery Superior rectal vein (inferior mesenteric vein/portal system) Innervation: -Autonomics Below: Inferior rectal artery Inferior rectal vein (Pudendal vein/Internal iliac/IVC) Innervation -Inferior anal and rectal nerves from pudendal nerve |
Pectinate line
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Engorgement of venous plexus
External -Anal canal Internal -Rectum |
Hemorrhoids
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***_________ hemorrhoids are of more concern because you must rule out portal hypertension.
Other examples of portal hypertension are caput medusa from engorgement to the paraumbilical veins, esophageal varices from engorgement of the esophageal branches of the left gastric vein. |
Internal hemorrhoids
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Roots of external genitalia
Openings of urogenital system |
Urogenital triangle
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Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus Superficial transverse perineal |
Muscles of superficial perineal pouch
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What are the attachments of the Ischiocavernosus muscle?
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Ischial tuberosity and ramus; Crus of penis and clitoris
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What are the attachments of the Bulbospongiosus muscle?
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Perineal body (also, midline raphe in males); perineal membrane, corpus cavernosum (female: bulb of vestibule; body of clitoris/ men: bulbospongiosus)
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What are the attachments of the Superficial transverse perineal muscle?
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Ischial tuberosity and ramus; perineal body
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What is the innervation of the Ischiocavernosus muscle?
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Pudendal nerve
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What is the innervation of the Bulbospongiosus muscle?
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Pudendal nerve
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What is the innervation of the Superficial transverse perineal muscle?
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Pudendal nerve
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What is the function of the Ischiocavernosus muscle?
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Move blood from crura into the body of the erect penis and clitoris
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What is the function of the Bulbospongiosus muscle?
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Move blood from attached parts of the clitoris and penis into the glans In men: removal of residual urine from urethra after urination; pulsatile emission of semen during ejaculation
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What is the function of the Superficial transverse perineal muscle?
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Stabilize perineal body
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Erectile tissues (female):
-Pubic arch -Crura -Anchored to perineal membrane -Body of clitoris |
Corpora cavernosa
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Erectile tissues (female):
-Bulb of vestibule around vaginal opening -Anterior ends form glans clitoris |
Bulbs of the vestibule
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Erectile tissues (male):
It is responsible for rigidity of the penis. During erection, it becomes engorged with blood and the fibrous capsule around it, the tunica albuginea causes the penis to become erect. -Pubic arch -Anchored to perineal membrane -Crura -Body of Penis |
Corpora cavernosa
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Erectile tissues (male):
Ventral body of penis Expands at end = glans penis Encloses urethra |
Corpus spongiosum
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Point and shoot?
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Erection = Parasympathetic
Ejaculation = sympathetic |
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What is responsible for the size and girth of the penis?
During erection, the spongy tissue remains pliable to allow the urethra to remain patent so that ejaculation is possible. |
Corpus spongiosum
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-tunica albuginea
-vascular spaces lined by endothelium -smooth muscle and connective tissue |
Corpora cavernosa
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-2 corpora cavernosus
-Glans clitoris |
Body of clitoris
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-Corpora cavernosa (2)
---Crura -Corpus spongiosum ---Bulb |
Root of penis
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-Corpora cavernosa (2)
-Corpora spongiosum -Glans -Corona -Prepuce |
Body of penis
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-Frenulum
-Prepuce |
Parts of the clitoris
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What is between the labia major and labia minora?
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Vestibule
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What consists of the external genitalia of the female including the labia majora, labia minora and mons pubis?
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Vulva
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What frenulum is an extension of the labia minora and acts to anchor and position the clitoris?
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Frenulum
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What is an extension of the labia minora over the clitoris?
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Prepuce
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The _____________ glands are located around the urethral opening.
They may be indicated in female ejaculation. There is variability in ____________ glands among different females. The _____________ glands secrete lubricating fluid when stimulated. A female may think she is urinating instead of ejaculating when this happens and consciously suppress ejaculation and climax. This is homologous to the prostate in males. |
Paraurethral glands
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The ______ ________ is the external layer of skin that is a continuation of the skin and fascia from the abdomen.
The ______ ________ is homologous to the scrotum. The ______ ________ develops coarse hairs during puberty. The ______ ________ contains the mons pubis which is fatty tissue located anteriorly and terminates posteriorly as the posterior commissure that is more prominent right before labor and delivery. |
Labia majora
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The ______ ________ is a skin fold medial to the labia majora.
The ______ ________ does not have fat and hair like the majora. The ______ ________ terminate at the frenulum (or fourchette as the French like to call it). |
Labia minora
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-In woman
-Posterior to the vestibule -Lateral to vaginal opening -Equivalent to bulbourethral glands in men |
Greater vestibular glands
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The corpora cavernosa runs along the dorsal surface and ends in the ______
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crura
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The corpora spongiosum runs along the ventral surface and ends at the ______ of the penis.
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Bulb
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The __________ is the foreskin and is attached to the ventral frenulum.
The __________ rolls over and protects the glans. The __________ is removed during male circumcision. -There are health benefits to male circumcision as it is more hygienic and decreases the chance of infection. |
Prepuce
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