Speech 2 Test

Front 1

assertion that must be proved

Back 1

claim

Front 2

materials that speakers use to support their ideas

Back 2

evidence

Front 3

What increases your credibility?

Back 3

strong evidence

Front 4

five most common types of supporting materials

Back 4

1. examples
2. narratives
3. statistics
4. testimony
5. definitions

Front 5

an instance that actually took place

Back 5

real example

Front 6

specific instance use to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem

Back 6

example

Front 7

instance that did not take place but could have

Back 7

hypothetical example

Front 8

What 4 things are examples used for?

Back 8

1. Clarify concepts
2. Reinforce points
3. Bring concepts to life or to elicit emotions
4. Build your case or make credibile generalizations

Front 9

story that recounts or foretells real or hypothetical events

Back 9

narrative

Front 10

short story or vignette that illustrates a specific point

Back 10

brief narrative

Front 11

longer story that makes an evolving connection with a broader point

Back 11

extended narrative

Front 12

Name 4 reasons to use narratives.

Back 12

1. Personalize a point
2. Challenge an audience to think in new ways
3. Draw an audience in emotionally
4. Unite with your audience

Front 13

numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings

Back 13

statistics

Front 14

process in which stories reference other stories or rely on parts of other stories to be complete

Back 14

intertextuality

Front 15

average of a group of numbers

Back 15

mean

Front 16

middle number in a series or set of numbers arranged in a ranked order

Back 16

median

Front 17

number that occurs most often in a set of numbers

Back 17

mode

Front 18

Name 3 reasons to use statistics.

Back 18

1. To synthesize large amounts of information
2. When numerical evidence strengthens a claim
3. When the numbers tell a powerful story

Front 19

opinions or observations of others

Back 19

testimony

Front 20

exact word-for-word presentation of another's testimony

Back 20

direct quotation

Front 21

summary of another's testimony in the speaker's own words

Back 21

paraphrase

Front 22

opinions or observations of someone considered an authority in a particular field

Back 22

expert testimony

Front 23

opinions or observations of someone who has firsthand knowledge of a topic

Back 23

peer/lay testimony

Front 24

your own opinions or observations that you use to convey your point

Back 24

personal testimony

Front 25

Name 4 instances in which you would use a testimony.

Back 25

1. When you need the voice of an expert
2. To illustrate differences or agreements
3. Own testimony when your experience says it best
4. Paraphrase testimony to improve listenability

Front 26

unreasoned distortion of judgement or prejudice about a topic

Back 26

bias

Front 27

having a fair, ethical, and undistorted view on a question or issue

Back 27

objective

Front 28

statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase

Back 28

definition

Front 29

objective meaning of a word or a phrase you find in a dictionary

Back 29

denotative definition

Front 30

subjective meaning of a word or phrase based on personal experiences and beliefs

Back 30

connotative definition

Front 31

Name 4 instances where you would use a definition.

Back 31

1. To clarify and create understanding
2. To clarify an emotionally or politically charged word
3. To illustrate what something is not
4. To trace the history of a word

Front 32

history of a word

Back 32

etymology

Front 33

What are the two reasons to cite sources?

Back 33

1. It is ethical
2. It adds credibility to your ideas

Front 34

systematic arrangement of ideas into a coherent whole

Back 34

organization

Front 35

most important ideas you address in your speech

Back 35

main points

Front 36

What is the purpose of main points?

Back 36

They give focus and help you narrow down the amount of information you will cover

Front 37

pattern of organization that traces a sequence of events or ideas

Back 37

chronological pattern

Front 38

pattern of organization in which ideas are arranged in terms of location or direction

Back 38

spatial pattern

Front 39

pattern of organization that describes a cause-and-effect relationship between ideas or events

Back 39

causal pattern

Front 40

pattern of organization that identifies a specific problem and offers a possible solution

Back 40

problem-solution pattern

Front 41

pattern of organization that allows the speaker to divide a topic into subtopics, each of which addresses a different aspect of the larger topic

Back 41

topical pattern

Front 42

word of a phrase use to link ideas in a speech

Back 42

connective

Front 43

phrase that indicates a speaker is finished with one idea and is moving on to a new one

Back 43

transition

Front 44

statement in the body of a speech that details what the speaker plans to discuss next

Back 44

internal preview

Front 45

statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the points you have already discussed

Back 45

internal summary

Front 46

simple word or statement that indicates where you are in your speech or highlights an important idea

Back 46

signpost

Front 47

detailed outline a speaker builds when preparing a speech that indlues the title, specific purpose, thesis statement, introducion, main points and subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and source citations of the speech

Back 47

preparation outline

Front 48

point in a speech that develops an aspect of a main point

Back 48

subpoint

Front 49

point in a speech that develops and aspect of a subpoint

Back 49

sub-subpoint

Front 50

process of arranging points into successive levels, with the points on a specific level having equal importance

Back 50

coordination

Front 51

process of ranking ideas in order from the most to the least important

Back 51

subordination

Front 52

condensed form of a preparation outline that you use when speaking

Back 52

speaking outline

Front 53

brief overview in the introduction of a speech of each of the main points in the speech

Back 53

preview

Front 54

question, used for effect, that an audience isn't supposed to answer out loud but rather in their minds

Back 54

rhetorical question

Front 55

concise restatement of the main points at the end of a speech

Back 55

summary

Front 56

action or manner of speaking to an audience

Back 56

delivery

Front 57

speech that is carefully prepared and practiced from brief notes rather than from memory or a written manuscript

Back 57

extemporaneous speech

Front 58

speaking style that is more formal than everyday conversation but remains spontaneous and relaxed

Back 58

conversational style

Front 59

speech that is not planned or prepared in advance

Back 59

impromptu speech

Front 60

speech that is read to an audience from a written text

Back 60

manuscript speech

Front 61

speech that has been written out, committed to memory, and given word for word

Back 61

memorized speech

Front 62

changes in the volume, rate, and pitch of a speaker's voice that affect the meaning of the words delivered

Back 62

vocal variety

Front 63

loudness of a speaker's voice

Back 63

volume

Front 64

speed at which a speaker speaks

Back 64

rate

Front 65

highness or lowness of a speaker's voice

Back 65

pitch

Front 66

manipulation of pitch to create certain meanings or moods

Back 66

inflection

Front 67

way of speaking in which a speaker does not alter her or his pitch

Back 67

monotone

Front 68

hesitations and brief silences in speech or conversation

Back 68

pauses

Front 69

pauses that speakers fill with words or sounds like "um", "er", or "uh"

Back 69

vocalized pauses

Front 70

physical process of producing specific speech sounds to make language intelligible

Back 70

articulation

Front 71

act of saying words correctly according to the accepted standards of a language

Back 71

pronunciation

Front 72

pattern of speech that is shared by an ethnic group or people from specific geographical locations

Back 72

dialect

Front 73

way speakers dress, groom, and present themselves physically

Back 73

personal appearance

Front 74

visual contact wiht another person's eyes

Back 74

eye contact

Front 75

the movement of your eyes, eyebrows, and mouth to convey reactions and emotions

Back 75

facial expression

Front 76

way speakers position and carry their bodies

Back 76

posture

Front 77

movements, usually of the hands but sometimes of the full body, that express meaning and emotion or offer clarity to a message

Back 77

gestures

Front 78

use of space during communication

Back 78

proxemics

Front 79

speech that communicates knowledge and understanding about a process, an event, a person or place, an object, or a concept

Back 79

informative speech

Front 80

environment in which a speaker has expertise or knowledge that an audience needs but doesn't already have

Back 80

informative speaking environment

Front 81

informative speech that describes how something is done, how something comes to be what it is, or how something works

Back 81

speech about a process

Front 82

informative speech that describes or explains a significant, interesting, or unusual occurrence

Back 82

speech about an event

Front 83

informative speech that describes a significant, interesting, or unusual place or person

Back 83

speech about a place or a person

Front 84

informative speech about anything that is tangible, that can be perceived by the senses

Back 84

speech about an object

Front 85

informative speech about an abstraction, something you can't perceive with your senses, such as an idea, a theory, a principle, a worldview, or a belief

Back 85

speech about a concept

Front 86

Four functions of an introduction

Back 86

1. catch the audience's attention
2. reveal your topic to the audience
3. establish credibility with your audience
4. preview your main ideas