Speech Respiration (Test 3)

Front 1

Muscles Typically Active During Speech

INSPIRATION and EXPIRATION::

Back 1

INSPIRATION:
-Diaphragm: primary muscle for inhalation.
-External Intercostals: active during tidal events
-Internal Intercostals (interchondral): elevates ribs

EXPIRATION:
-Internal intercostals (interosseous): primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech.
-Rectus Abdominis: antagonistic to diaphragm. Active during LOUD speech. Complementary to internal intercostal activity.

Front 2

Internal intercostals (interosseous)-

Back 2

primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech.

(Muscle of Expiration)

Front 3

Rectus Abdominis-

Back 3

antagonistic to diaphragm. Active during LOUD speech. Complementary to internal intercostal activity

(Muscle of Expiration)

Front 4

Diaphragm-

Back 4

primary muscle for inhalation

(Muscle of Inspiration)

Front 5

External Intercostals

Back 5

active during tidal events

(Muscle of Inspiration)

Front 6

Internal Intercostals (interchondral)

Back 6

elevates ribs

(Muscle of Inspiration)

Front 7

Pulmonary Subdivisions are described as:

Back 7

Lung volumes and lung capacities which are measured in: liters, milliliters, or CC’s (cubic centimeter)

Front 8

Lung volumes and capacities are influenced by a variety of factors:

Back 8

Gender (males: 4.6 L of Vital Capacity, females: 3.1 L)
-Body size
-Age
-Strength of the resp. musculature- athletes
-Body positions
-Changes to the physical state of the tissues

Front 9

Body positions influence lung volumes and capacities in what way?

Back 9

(upright vs supine) –gravity plays a huge role

-most volumes and capacities decrease when the person is lying down, the abdominal viscera forces the diaphragm rostrally

- in other words, pulmonary blood volume increase in the lying position, which decreases the amount of space left in air

Front 10

Changes to the physical state of the tissues influence lung volumes and capacities in what way?

Back 10

-Pulmonary compliance (the elasticity of the tissues) usually decreases due to disease
-such as emphysema and/or deformities of the chest wall, such as fibrotic pleurisy

Front 11

Lung volumes are-

Back 11

Discrete values with no overlap between each lung volume

They are directly measurable

Front 12

Lung capacities express-

Back 12

The functional state of the system

Normative lung volume/capacity data

Front 13

Types of Lung Volumes

Back 13

Tidal volume (TV)
Minute volume (MV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume (RV)

Front 14

Tidal volume (TV)-

Back 14

-amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of breathing

-volume of air that is being breathed in and out during breathing cycles

-Sinusoid = resting volume
-Changes in TV depend on how much energy system is exerting

Front 15

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)-

Back 15

-how much more air you could inhale past top of tidal volume

-amount you can inhale above the normal inhale

Front 16

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)-

Back 16

-what is in between lowest part of TV and top of RV
-what can be voluntarily exhaled
-amount that can be exhaled below the TV

Front 17

Residual Volume (RV)-

Back 17

-after breathing out to lowest exhalation possible, the amount still remaining in lungs

-amount of air that is always left in your lungs

Front 18

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Back 18

TLC = RV + ERV + TV + IRV

Sum of all your volumes, doesn’t change too much as you age, but how much you can use of it DOES change as you age because your residual volume increases as you age, this decreases the other items

So as your RV increases, something has to be taken away so that the VC is decreased

Front 19

Vital Capacity (VC)

Back 19

VC = IRV + TV + ERV
Maximum volume of air

Front 20

Inspiratory Capacity (IC)

Back 20

IC = TV + IRV

Front 21

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Back 21

FRC = RV + ERV

Front 22

Lung Compliance:
Ex Emphysema:

Back 22

-excess compliance results in less recoil force

-forced expirations is needed to develop adequate Ps for speech

-too stretchy! (like an old rubber band that doesn’t snap back anymore)

Front 23

Lung Compliance:
Ex Pulmonary Fibrosis

Back 23

-decreased compliance results in stiff system

-shallow breaths are taken

-speech is characterized by frequent breath pauses

-not a whole lot of movement

Front 24

Forces acting on a respiratory system

Back 24

passive and active

Front 25

Passive Forces acting on a respiratory system

Back 25

- INHERENT

- Gravity

- Elastic properties of respiratory tissues (the desire to recoil)
- Lungs, muscles, connective tissue, cartilage, ligaments, etc
- Recoil from inflated or deflated state to resting position

Front 26

Active Forces acting on a respiratory system

Back 26

- VOLITIONAL

- Contraction of muscles

Front 27

Minute volume (MV):

Back 27

how many cycles/liters/TV events per min

Front 28

Natural Resting State

Back 28

LUNG tissues have a natural tendency to collapse and shrink while THORACIC tissues have a natural tendency to expand and become larger

-Thus, the lung and thorax tissues exert recoil forces that are OPPOSITE in sign from one another.

- LUNGS and THORAX are linked

Front 29

Best Position of Lung-Rib System:

Back 29

-Because the lungs and ribs are linked to one another

-resting position is the point at which the force of the lungs to shrink is opposed and balanced equally by the force of the rib cage to expand

Front 30

Pleura Linings:

Back 30

Visceral – inner membrane, directly around lungs

Parietal – connected to the thoracic cavity –chest wall

There is a space between the pleura called the intrapleural, there is intrapleural fluid

Front 31

Pleural linkage–

Back 31

It is what keeps the lungs stuck to the rib cage

Three essential components
-Pleural Linings (mesothelial tissue: visceral/parietal)
-Intra-Pleural Space
-Intra-Pleural Fluid

-Pleural Linkage is the pleural membrane "sandwich" of the intra-pleural fluid to form an airtight linkage between the two membranes.

-Pleural Linkage happens when our parietal pleura wants to go out and the viscera wants to go in, this creates a negative pressure, the pleural linkage is the suction that binds them together

-Pressure within the intra-pleural space is negative (a “suction” exists) due to opposite recoil tendencies of the tissues.

Front 32

Three essential components of pleural linkage?

Back 32

Pleural Linings (mesothelial tissue: visceral/parietal)

Intra-Pleural Space

Intra-Pleural Fluid

Front 33

What is the importance of pleural linkage?

Back 33

- Ribs are acted upon by the muscles of respiration.

Bucket- and Pump- Handle maneuvers operate to alter lung volume

- Due to pleural linkage, translation of ribs will take lung tissue along

Front 34

SUMMARY:
What is the importance of pleural linkage?

Back 34

- Ribs are acted upon by the muscles of respiration
- Use Bucket- and Pump- Handle maneuvers to alter volume of lungs

-Due to pleural linkage, translation of ribs will take lung tissue along.

-Being able to BALANCE passive recoil forces of the LUNGS and passive expansion forces of the RIBS results in the functional generation of different types of pressures within the thoracic cavity

-Rib rotations will generate restorative (recoil and rebound) forces that can be thought of as stored potential energy

- Resting breathing > expiration is a passive process due to recoiling of the ribs

Front 35

Twisting of the ribs yields:

Back 35

potential energy; passive property of breathing; when is potential energy is released, and the ribs pop back and recoil

Front 36

When respiratory muscles contract and the ribs move, what is this called and what happens?

Back 36

Torque (tension) is placed upon costal cartilages by the musculature

Front 37

What causes practical generation of different types of pressure within the thoracic cavity?

Back 37

Being able to balance passive recoil forces of the lungs and passive expansion forces of the ribs results in the functional generation of different types of pressure within the thoracic cavity

Front 38

Stored Potential Energy:

Back 38

form of passive energy, when ribs try to resume original position

No rotations will generate restorative (recoil and rebound) forces that can be thought of as stored potential energy

Front 39

Review of Pressure:

Back 39

Air molecules tend to bounce around at random (Brownian Motion).

Air trapped in a jar or enclosure will bounce into the walls of the jar AND into each other.

As the air molecules hit the sides of the jar, they are exerting a force on to the walls.

Front 40

PRESSURE

Back 40

Pressure is the force of all air molecule collisions per unit area

If you add up all of the impact forces in a given area… We get PRESSURE

Front 41

PRESSURE FORMULA

Back 41

P = F/A, where F is applied force and A is Area.

Area = volume within the lung

Front 42

Pressure is directly proportional to _____

Pressure is inversely related to ______

Back 42

FORCE

AREA

Front 43

If there increase in the area of the lung (or the volume of the lung)

Back 43

The result would be that the pressure goes down

Front 44

If there decrease in the area of the lung (or the volume of the lung)

Back 44

The result would be that the pressure increases

Front 45

In the syringe example, changes in plunger force did what?

Back 45

It increased air pressure registered at the base and also increases upward recoil force on the plunger

Front 46

If the pressure particles are allowed out or a space, then

Front 47

The energy and driving forces of pressure can do what?

Back 47

MOVE objects, which is important for speech production?

Front 48

Pressure units in physics are called ____

Back 48

PASCALS

Front 49

PASCALS

Back 49

1 Pascal = 1 N/m2 OR 1 Pascal = F / m² (N is a Newton (a measure of force) and m is meters) (or simply think of it as the “area” when you square it).

Front 50

Force:

Back 50

the push or pull action exerted on an object, F = m a

Front 51

Newton is the

Back 51

measure of force

Front 52

Force Equation:

Back 52

F = ma

FORCE= MASS x ACCELERATION

Front 53

Acceleration:

Back 53

how much we increased or decreased the movement

Front 54

Force= ma is not a “static measure” meaning…

Back 54

Equation directly relates to size/mass of molecule and the motion of the molecule

Has a vector
Pushing, pulling meaning it is MOVING
Speech do not measure directly N/m^2

Front 55

Effect of the Raised Bucket Handle on the Lungs

Back 55

- Volume increases and ability to fill up increases

-More efficient than Pump Handle

Front 56

Effect of the Pump Handle on the Lungs

Back 56

Sternum moving up, moves ribs with it THUS it expands thoracic cavity

Front 57

For speech production we are interested in what kind of pressures?

Back 57

Aerodynamic

Front 58

We describe physiologic air pressures for the vocal tract in terms of

Back 58

How far lung pressures can displace a column of H20 or a column of Hg (water or mercury)

Front 59

Speech Air Pressure is measured in units of:

Back 59

cmH20 (centimeters of water) or mmHg (millimeters of mercury) [Because mercury heavier than water, a smaller measurement can be used]

Front 60

Pascals are used routinely in physics and audiology while in speech we use:

Back 60

cm H2O

Example: standard reference for measuring HL = 20 micropascals and 3cmH2O)

To understand how pressures differ from one place to another we need to compare a known pressure to a measure value

Front 61

Changes in the sounds you produce are created by a combination of respiratory energies produced by:

Back 61

VOLUNTARY muscle actions
AND the
PASSIVE (non-muscular) restoring properties of the respiratory tissues themselves

Each of these sources of energy will produce aerodynamic forces to move articulators (create air flows & pressures within the vocal tract system)

Front 62

Functional translation of these aeromechanical events?

Back 62

PHONEMES!

Front 63

U-Tube Manometer-

Back 63

Use water to measure air pressure; measure the displacement

Front 64

Patm =

Back 64

atmospheric pressure, we’ll arbitrarily set it at 1

Front 65

Remember FORCE is a

Back 65

CONSTANT

Front 66

Pressure and Volume have what kind of relationship?

Back 66

Inversely proportional; if P increases, V decreases and vice versa

Front 67

Boyle’s Law

Back 67

“…if a gas is kept at a constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to one another and have a constant product.”

Front 68

Boyle’s Law is equation to explain

Back 68

The relationship between pressure and volume

Functional relation is necessary for speech & vocalization.

Front 69

P * V = K, where

Back 69

Boyle's Law

P is equal to pressure
P and V will always change so that they equal K
V is volume (V = amount of space occupied in 3-D space)
K is a constant (a fixed value), at a given temperature.

-we don’t change K, we alter pressure and volume to fit “K”

Front 70

The idea is to maintain the proportionality between P and V to keep K the same.

Back 70

2P * 1/2V = K

1/2P * 2V = K

-2P x 1/2V = K or 1/2P x 2V = K or 2P x 1/2V = 1/2P x 2V

Front 71

If the lid on a sealed jar, that registered NEGATIVE air pressure inside, were suddenly removed…

Back 71

Air will flow inside the container

Air molecules go in, they want to even out

Front 72

If the lid on a sealed jar, that registered POSITIVE air pressure inside, were suddenly removed…

Back 72

Air will flow outside the container

Front 73

The pressure differences between the inside of the jar and the environment is a...

Back 73

GRADIENT

Front 74

Your respiratory system will always try to return back to equilibrium. Body uses this desire to do something functional for you to...

Back 74

help move articulators and create sound sources for different phonemes

Front 75

Speech Pressures & Flows

Back 75

Alveolar: Palv : -pressure in lungs
Subglottal: Psg -pressure below the glottis
Intraoral: Po -mouth
Intranasal: Pn –nose

Front 76

Palv :

Back 76

Alveolar: pressure in lungs

Front 77

Psg

Back 77

Subglottal: pressure below the glottis

Front 78

Po:

Back 78

Intraoral: mouth

Front 79

Pn:

Back 79

Intranasal: nose

Front 80

Differences in regional pressures setup Air Flows (gradients develop)

Back 80

Transglottal, Oral, and Nasal

Front 81

Transglottal-

Back 81

across glottis

Front 82

Oral-

Back 82

coming out of mouth

Front 83

Nasal-

Back 83

coming out of nose

Front 84

Restoring forces are also known as…

Back 84

recoil and rebound forces

Front 85

Restoring forces are able to produce what kind of pressure?

Back 85

Passive pressures in the respiratory system

Front 86

Production of any changes in lung pressure may happen without...

Back 86

Any muscle activation

Front 87

How are passively generated pressures produced?

Back 87

As a result of the passive recoil or rebound properties of the linked lung-rib tissues and are referred to as “Relaxation Pressures”

Front 88

Relaxation Pressures-

Back 88

Passively generated pressures that are produced as a result of the passive recoil or rebound properties of the linked lung-rib tissues

Front 89

The magnitude of Relaxation Pressures produced depends on:

Back 89

1) The volume of air trapped in the closed respiratory system


2) How far away the respiratory system is pushed from it’s resting state

Front 90

Quiet Inhalation
Following Boyle's Law:

Back 90

-Lung pressure (Palv) decreases to less than atmospheric pressure (Patm).

-As the Palv decreases, inhalation occurs, air is forced into the respiratory system through either the mouth or nose.

- Palv LESS THAN Patm = air will keep flowing in

Front 91

Quiet Exhalation:
Following Boyle's Law:

Back 91

- Lung pressure (Palv) increases to greater than atmospheric pressure (Patm).

- As Palv increases, air is forced out of the lungs through either the mouth or nose.

- Air will continue to enter the respiratory system as long as Palv < Patm

- Lung pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

Front 92

The resting state does what?

Back 92

It coils at medium between lungs and TC (thoracic cavity)

Front 93

Push away from Resting State will determine…

Back 93

(in part) relaxation pressures that will occur

Front 94

Volume of air and how far from resting state, determines what?

Back 94

It will set up gradients

Front 95

The RPC ONLY represents…

Back 95

Static pressures at discrete points along a person’s VC

Front 96

The “active” pressure curve is what compared to the RPC?-

Back 96

The active pressure curve is a mirror image of the RPC.

Front 97

From the resting state, getting to a particular Vital Capacity level DOES require:

Back 97

Active muscle contraction, however this information IS NOT SHOWN on the RPC graph.

Front 98

What is shown on the RPC graph?

Back 98

ONLY pressures produced by restoring forces are shown.

Front 99

Quiet Inhalation:

Back 99

Increase the volume of the lungs by contracting the diaphragm and external intercostals, thus expanding the rib/lung system. (diaphragm flattens, increasing volume and decreasing pressure, allowing air molecules to FLOW IN

Front 100

Quiet Exhalation:

Back 100

Lung volume is decreased due to passive elastic recoil forces generated by rib cage contraction & relaxation of inspiratory muscles.

Front 101

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

Back 101

Begin @ rest position of lung-rib system = ~35% of VC

With airway open, Psg = Patm

When the muscles of inspiration are activated,
Rib movement – torque is generated and recoil energy stored.
Volume of the lungs (due to pleural linkage) increases.

Negative pressure is generated within lungs (lungs have expanded and volume has increased – V increased, P decreased)
Air flows into the lungs Psg < Patm

When inspiratory muscles shut off, the lung-rib complex will restore itself back to rest position, compressing the air and forcing it of your lungs.
Compressing the air and forcing it of your lungs

The expiratory phase is passive back to rest position.
Takes advantage of the recoil potential of the system

Front 102

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

Where do you begin?

Back 102

Begin at rest position of lung-rib system = ~35% of Vital Capacity

Front 103

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

With airway open...

Back 103

Psg = Patm

Front 104

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

When the muscles of inspiration are activated...

Back 104

Rib movement – torque is generated and recoil energy stored.

Volume of the lungs (due to pleural linkage) increases.

Front 105

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

What is generated in the lungs after volume is increased?

Back 105

Negative pressure is generated within lungs (lungs have expanded and volume has increased – V increased, P decreased)

Air flows into the lungs Psg < Patm

Front 106

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

When inspiratory muscles shut off...

Back 106

The lung-rib complex will restore itself back to rest position...


Compressing the air and forcing it of your lungs

Front 107

What happens during 1 cycle of quiet breathing?

The expiratory phase...

Back 107

The expiratory phase is passive back to rest position.

Takes advantage of the recoil potential of the system

Front 108

What do you need for speech production?

Back 108

Power Supply: the lungs
-Respiration – air flow and pressure generation

Sound Source: vocal folds
-Phonation

System of Valves and Chambers: articulators and cavities
-Articulation/resonance

Front 109

Power Supply of speech production:

Back 109

The lungs...

Allow for...
Respiration – air flow and pressure generation

Front 110

Sound Source of speech production:

Back 110

The vocal folds

Which allow for:
-Phonation

Front 111

System of Valves and Chambers for Speech Production:

Back 111

articulators and cavities

Allow for:
Articulation/resonance

Front 112

Central idea for respiratory system activity during speech:

Back 112

The respiratory pump during speech requires a process whereby:

Air can be placed under pressure and released in a regulated manner, and whereby…

System produces the “Driving forces” necessary for sound generation.

Front 113

The respiratory pump during speech requires a process whereby:

Back 113

Air can be placed under pressure and released in a regulated manner, and …


System produces the “Driving forces” necessary for sound generation.

(Central Idea respiratory system activity during speech)

Front 114

"Driving forces” necessary for sound generation work to:

Back 114

Displace structures, create pressure behind valves, and generate flows through constrictions in the upper airway.


Functional differences between Speech Breathing & Quiet Breathing

Front 115

Phonatory Threshold:

Back 115

minimum of 2 cmH2O is need to achieve voicing during conversational level speech

Lowest pressure level needed to place vocal folds into vibration

Front 116

Soft (low intensity) speech typical sub-glottal pressure requirements:

Back 116

3 cmH20

Front 117

Normal speech typical sub-glottal pressure requirements:

Back 117

5 or 6 – 8 cmH2O

Front 118

Loud speech, singing typical sub-glottal pressure requirements:

Back 118

15 – 20 cmH2O

Front 119

Cough or sneeze typical sub-glottal pressure requirements:

Back 119

exceeds 200 cmH2O

Front 120

Voluntary regulation of respiratory pressures allows you to alter your…

Back 120

Vocal loudness
-pitch
-stress
-prosody

Segment speech into smaller units such as syllables, words, & phrases

Front 121

Forced Respiration:

Back 121

-Deep Inspiration:
-scalene
-sternocleidomastoid
-external intercostals
-diaphragm


-Deep Expiration:
-internal intercostals
-external and internal obliques
-transversus abdominis
-rectus abdominis

Front 122

Absolute Vital Capacity ranges for initiation of speech at different loudness levels (intensities).

Back 122

Normal conversational speech is initiated between ~ 38 (resting level) & 60 % of a person’s VC.

Loud speech initiated at high lung volumes between ~ 60 & 80% of a person’s VC.

Soft speech demands low Psg and are initiated between ~ 38 & 40 % of a person’s VC.

Front 123

What is the important relation b/w VC levels and vocalization intensities?

Back 123

Think about it – It has to do with relaxation pressures
Goes back to RPC

Front 124

Normal conversational speech is initiated between...

Back 124

~ 38 (resting level) & 60 % of a person’s VC.

Front 125

Loud speech initiated at high lung volumes between...

Back 125

~ 60 & 80% of a person’s VC.

Front 126

Soft speech demands low Psg and are initiated between...

Back 126

~ 38 & 40 % of a person’s VC.

Front 127

Speech requires a process whereby air can be placed...

Back 127

Under pressure and released in a regulated manner

Front 128

Difference in air pressure tell us something about the direction in which air flows...

Back 128

Air has a tendency to move from regions of high pressure to areas of lower pressure; down the pressure gradient (Psg)

Front 129

It is the difference of these regional pressures that produce...

Back 129

The kinetic energy to “DRIVE” airflow into and out of the respiratory system

Displace structures, pressure behind valves, air flows behind constrictions in upper airway

- Valving mechanism examples – lips, velarpharyngeal mechanism (soft palate), vocal folds (simplest valve)

- Constrictions in upper airway – “s” sound; stridence and obstruance

Front 130

Central idea for respiratory system activity during speech"

The respiratory pump during speech requires a process whereby:

Back 130

Air can be placed under pressure and released in a regulated manner, and whereby…

System produces the “driving forces” necessary for sound generation.

These forces work to:

Displace structures, create pressure behind valves, and generate flows through constrictions in the upper airway.

Front 131

The production of and changes to lung pressure may happen without any....

Back 131

Muscle Activation


-passively generated pressures are produced as a result of the passive recoil or rebound properties of the linked lung-rib tissues

Front 132

Relaxation Pressures

Back 132

-passively generated pressures produced as a result of the passive recoil or rebound properties of the linked lung-rib tissues

Front 133

The magnitude of Relaxation Pressures produced depends on...

Back 133

The volume of air trapped in the closed respiratory system
and
How far away the respiration is pushed by its resting state

Front 134

Relaxation Pressure Curve: The resting state of lung-rib system will consist of about...

Back 134

about 35-38% of your vital capacity

-this is the resting expiratory level of the system and represents default starting level

-at rest, pressure produced is zero

Front 135

Voluntary regulation of respiratory pressures allows you to alter...

Back 135

-loudness
-pitch
-stress
-prosody
-segmentation

Front 136

With nose pinched closed (RPC)

Back 136

-subject actively breaths to a set percentage of their VC then…

-relaxes completely …

-allows passive air pressure

Front 137

"Active” pressure graph is a ________ of RPC

Back 137

mirror image

-from rest state, getting to a particular vital capacity level DOES require active muscle contraction, but this info is not shown on the RPC graph

-only presumes producing by restoring forces are produced

Front 138

-RP curve tells us:

Back 138

-if you begin at lung volumes ABOVE 35-38% vital capacity then EXPIRATION is passive!

-if you begin at lung volumes BELOW 35-38% then INSPIRATION is passive!

Front 139

If you begin at lung volumes ABOVE 35-38% vital capacity then....

Back 139

EXPIRATION is PASSIVE!

Front 140

If you begin at lung volumes BELOW 35-38% then...

Back 140

INSPIRATION is PASSIVE

Front 141

Negative pressure in lungs:

Back 141

Then air flows in...

Front 142

In the context of relaxation pressures, recall that…

Passive pressures are_____?

Active pressures________?

Back 142

- Passive pressures are non-muscular (recoil)

- Active pressures are muscular

Front 143

Pressure produced by PASSIVE forces may be either...

Back 143

+ or –

(expiratory = positive; inspiratory = negative)

Front 144

Restoring forces are responsible for...

Back 144

Relaxation pressure generation

Front 145

RPC represents the...

(in terms of pressure)

Back 145

....passive pressures of the entire system (both the contribution of the ribs elasticity and lung elasticity), across your range of VC

Front 146

CNS relies on ________ during speech breathing as a “free” ________.

WHY?

Back 146

Relaxation pressures

Free source of fuel

So process can be a little more efficient and it won’t all have to be active

Front 147

Muscular (Active) Pressure Graph:

Back 147

- down to 40 is passive, below 40 requires more work to expire more, at this point, inspiration is passive

Front 148

Checking actions:
-figuring out musculature curve at 90% of VC, what is available to me?

Back 148

Checking actions:
-figuring out musculature curve at 90% of VC, what is available to me? –look at graph → 25 cm H20 available → passive expiration
-BUT, we only want 6 cm H2O for our task, so we have 19 cm H2O of excessive relaxation pressure, so we have to contract muscles to check it
-so, we have to do some event that produces a -19 cm H2O to counteract this, this -19 cm H2O is a NEGATIVE pressure
-inspiratory muscles create negative pressure (examples of inspiratory muscles: external intercostals and one portion of internal intercostals
-this is referred to as “putting the brakes on!”
-on the flip side, sometimes you are in a deficit (like you are at 0 cm H2O and you need 6 cm H2O) and you have positive pressure, so contract expiratory muscles (a big one is rectus abdominis)

Front 149

RPC Curve always stays the same!

There are two things that change:

Back 149

1) your task (is it conversational speech, loud speech? Ect..)

2) your musculature activation curve will look different all the time

Front 150

You can derive the active pressure values during a vocalization task by following this:

Back 150

-locate intersection point of RPC and the pressure data of task

-understand functional implication

-draw the mirror image

-If RP is giving you everything you need, musculature pressure is at 0

-If RP is giving you nothing, you need musculature to be giving you what you need

Front 151

If RP is giving you everything you need...

BUT If RP is giving you nothing...

Why?

Back 151

Musculature pressure is at 0...

You need musculature to be giving you what you need...

They are mirrors of each other...

Front 152

The Task:
Produce a steady sound at a normal loudness and pitch level and sustain it over the entire range of your vital capacity. Record your percentage change in VC, airflow and alveolar pressure.

Back 152

The Problem:
- Psg is obviously constant throughout the entire production of the utterance.

- Yet, we know that the amount of relaxation pressure CHANGES depending on lung volume and that at 100% VC we should be able to produce 40 cmH2O.

- Yet, how are we maintaining a level of ONLY 6 cmH2O throughout the entire range of our VC during the vocalization?

- Where did the extra pressure over that needed for the task go?

The Solution: “Checking Action” is the solution to our problem.

- Active muscle force is applied in the opposite direction to lung pressures generated passively.

- Necessary to counter-act the passive recoil or rebound forces of the lung/rib complex at HIGH or LOW Psg.

- Muscle activity acts as a “braking system”, to slow and control the release of air pressure after the lungs have been inflated or deflated.

- The amount of “braking” needed depends on how much relaxation pressure one has at any given moment during the vocalization task.

- Active pressures are generated in the opposite direction of relaxation pressure during vocalization

Front 153

What remains constant on the RPC, and what changes?

Back 153

Sub glottal pressure is obviously constant throughout the entire production of the utterance.

Yet, we know that the amount of relaxation pressure CHANGES depending on lung volume and that at 100% VC we should be able to produce 40 cmH2O.

Front 154

How are active muscle forces applied to the RPC? And Why?

Back 154

Active muscle force is applied in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION to lung pressures generated passively.

Necessary to counter-act the passive recoil or rebound forces of the lung/rib complex at HIGH or LOW Psg (subglottal pressure)

Front 155

Name each figure?

Back 155

A- Epiglottis
B- Thyroid
C- Arytenoids
D- Cricoid

Front 156

Name the figures marked by the COLORED arrows.

Back 156

Front 157

Layered Structure of the Vocal Folds – Histologic Categories

Back 157

Front 158

5-Layered Structure of the Vocal Folds:
Mechanical Properties

Back 158

Front 159

Superior view of larynx with different glottal configurations...

Back 159

Front 160

Muscle activity acts as a “braking system” in RPC...what does this mean?

Back 160

The muscle activity acts in order to slow and control the release of air pressure after the lungs have been inflated or deflated.

The amount of “braking” needed depends on how much relaxation pressure one has at any given moment during the vocalization task.

Front 161

Active pressures are generated in the what direction of relaxation pressure during vocalization?

What happens when you have too much or too little?

Back 161

OPPOSITE


Excess - used muscles to stop air from escaping too fast – use inspiratory muscles to slow it down

Deficit - active muscles to continue to push air out of system – expiratory muscles

Front 162

You are using a combo of what type of forces working in what way to supply the required respiratory drive for a sound....?

Back 162

passive and active forces, working together and simultaneously


The sign of muscular pressure (inspire or expire) that is added onto the relaxation pressure curve to achieve the required subglottal pressure of the utterance, is ALWAYS opposite in action (its sign) to the relaxation pressure available (either positive or negative)

Front 163

The sign of muscular pressure (inspire or expire) that is added onto the relaxation pressure curve to achieve the required subglottal pressure of the utterance is ALWAYS....

Back 163

.....is ALWAYS opposite in action (its sign) to the relaxation pressure available (either positive or negative)

Front 164

During vocalization you have a condition whereby…

Inspiratory effort

Back 164

effort is exerted in a graded manner during the expiratory task (utterance), UNTIL expiratory relaxation pressures are no longer available.

Front 165

Inspiratory effort

Back 165

- Applies to the area of the curve where there is excess relaxation pressures

- During this period, muscles are generating negative pressures to CANCEL out the excess positive pressures being produced passively.
- This situation is leaving you with a net sub-glottal pressure value that matches the task requirement.

-Meets requirement of task

Front 166

In effect, during vocalization you have a condition whereby…

ACTIVE EXPIRATORY effort

Back 166

When relaxation pressures are depleted, ACTIVE EXPIRATORY effort is now used to push through and continue vocalizing through the remainder of your VC.

Front 167

ACTIVE EXPIRATORY effort

Back 167

- Applies to the area of the curve where there is excess relaxation pressures

- In effect, expiratory effort is now providing ALL the force to generate pressures for the utterance. This effort is ALSO having to counter-act the passive rebound forces of the lung-rib tissues wanting to move back toward rest position (acting to resist the recoil of the lung-rib tissues)

Front 168

Conversational speech is NOT characterized by __________
and is NOT produced on _________

Back 168

steady events (except for very brief durations)

expirations that span large portions of the VC

Front 169

All aerodynamic variables (pressure, flow, etc) are in a constant state of flux during running speech and this change is related to the:

Back 169

Phonetic factors involved (specific sounds produced) – place, manner, and sound of phonemes you are producing
Bilabials vs. stridents vs. liquids/glides vs. vocalics

Prosodic features
Rate
Pitch
Stress
Intonation
Stress + intonation = PROSODY

Front 170

Rapid Muscular Pressure changes during Conversational Speech

Back 170

During running speech, there is a frequent demand for rapid pulse-like changes in muscular pressure.

Rapid changes in respiratory muscle activity during speech and vocalization

Internal intercostals (interosseous) produce brief changes in Psg.

Effort durations of 75 - 100 milliseconds, with magnitude changes of 1 - 3 cmH2O.

Remember, these variations in muscular pressure are of great linguistic significance to:

For example, altering the prosodic features of speech (intonation)

Front 171

Parkinson Disease

Back 171

Overall high muscle tone and rigid posturing and lack of movement - HYPOKINETIC (less/lack of movement) dysarthria

Resulting in reduced rib motion

Changes in shape to chest wall – stiffer system (less elastic)

RPC will look different – represents amount of recoil available

Will need more muscular activation to meet demands of task, but everything is weak, stiff, and ridged

Reduced levels of VC are used

Weak & low intensity voicing

Front 172

Parkinson Disease:
Reduced driving lung pressure results in…

Back 172

- Loss of ability to regulate respiratory system during speech

- Quiet breathing is OK

- Manipulating that for speech and controlling exhalation is difficult

- Monotone quality (loss of rapid adjustment capacity – interosseous portion makes these adjustments – no slight variations in pitch and speech)

- Weak intensity (quiet and hard to hear) and monotone quality affect speech intelligibility

- Words that differ by intonation (present – show and present – gift)

- Making statement vs. asking question cannot be deciphered

- All sarcasm and prosody lost

Front 173

Parkinson Disease:
Therapies include:

Back 173

Using shorter phrases to overcome chest wall stiffness

Consciously increase Psg during vocalization (i.e., LSVT – Lee Silverman Voice Treatment)

Teaching to “think loud” or shout

Person thinks they sound normal though

Increase respiratory drive and the vocal adduction to increase strength of phonation

Front 174

Cerebellar Disease

Back 174

Cerebellum really involved in smoothing out and coordinating movements

Loss of coordination for movements needed to produce a regulated and smooth breath cycle.

Intoxicated sound to speech
- Where should have taken a breath, they do not
- Body takes breath for them while they are still trying to speak

Often see rapid fluctuations in loudness and pitch
- Respiratory system may make increase respiratory drive even though person did not mean to do so – sounds LOUD

Loss of fine regulation for prosodic goals.

Stress is misplaced than what original plan stated

Lower than normal VC levels are used during speech.
- Normally, start at 30 – 40% VC and stay between 20%
- Often will start at lower VC and run out much more quickly
- So… patient initiates speech at lung volumes that are barely above quiet tidal resting levels

Front 175

You may have patients that are mechanically ventilated…

Back 175

Various etiologies for venting

Patient has a stoma attached to vent via a cannula

Pump air in and out

Life breathing cycle – do not care about speech

Excessive TV is the main rate limiter to speech – pump in more than what you would normally see of TV (tidal volume)

Hard to regulate the timing of the ventilation device with speech.

No control over recoil

Dependent on speaking until air is gone

May learn to speak during inspiration

Pressures generated by the vent are abnormally high and change rapidly and are sinusoidal (regular)

Patient must balance breath requirements for speech with those of gas exchange.

In effect, person is trying to produce “speech” with a “life” (quiet) breathing cycle pattern.

Strategy may be to have person speak continuously on expiratory phase until voice begins fading out due to a drop in Psg

Person waits until device re-inflates the lungs.

Front 176

Problems with lung compliance

Back 176

Emphysema

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Front 177

Emphysema

Back 177

Excess compliance results in LESS recoil force.

Inhaling – don’t have same free source of fuel- recoil

Need more muscular activation
Changes RPC

Forced expiration is needed to develop adequate Psg for speech.

More expiratory effort

Less putting on breaks, more putting on the gas

Front 178

Pulmonary Fibrosis

Back 178

Decreased compliance results in stiff system.

Shallow breaths are taken; frequent breath pauses

Speech is characterized by frequent breath pauses

Front 179

Cricothyroid

Back 179

X

Front 180

LCA

Back 180

X

Front 181

PCA

Back 181

X

Front 182

TA

Back 182

X

Front 183

Interarytenoids

Back 183

X

Front 184

Geniohyoid

Back 184

XII

Front 185

Digastric Anterior

Front 186

Digastric Posterior- CN #

Back 186

VII

Front 187

Stylohyoid

Back 187

VII

Front 188

Mylohyoid

Back 188

V

Front 189

Sternohyoid

Back 189

XII

Front 190

Sternothyroid

Back 190

XII

Front 191

Thyrohyoid

Back 191

XII

Front 192

Omohyoid

Back 192

XII

Front 193

Sensation for anterior 2/3 tongue

Back 193

CN V

Front 194

Taste for anterior 2/3 tongue

Back 194

CN VII

Front 195

Taste and sensation for posterior 1/3 tongue

Back 195

CN IX

Front 196

Taste and sensation for hard and soft palate

Back 196

CN VII

Front 197

Taste and sensation for base of tongue

Back 197

CN X

Front 198

Vocal Fold Tissue serves four primary biological functions

Back 198

1) Protective- keep things from going down there
2) System can be used as a valve to trap air within the lungs- do this for sometimes effortful things
- Fixes thorax for lifting and increasing abdominal pressures
3) Regulates airflow into and out of the lower respiratory tract.
4) For many mammals, the larynx operates to generate species-specific vocalizations. - but only doing this when it is not doing the first three biological functions

Front 199

Vocal folds act as a variable valve

Back 199

- Vocal fold tissue changes it’s stiffness dynamically to adjust pitch & loudness of vocalizations- another way to say this is frequency and intensity of our vocalization

Front 200

Changes in voice quality are dependent upon four factors....

Back 200

1) Generation of Ps. (subglottal pressure)
2) Frequency of vocal fold vibration.
3) Pattern or mode of voicing (chest vs. falsetto)
4) Shape of the vocal tract above the glottis


- In effect, the vocal folds are acting as a regulating valve, transiently interrupting pressurized airflow from the lungs.

Front 201

Stratified epithelium-

Back 201

anchored to the remainder of fold via a basement membrane (BMZ) which is comprised of collagen that tethers epithelium to underlying surface. Provides physical support to epithelium

Front 202

Lamina Propria

Back 202

- three layers

Superficial layer is Reinke’s space (SLLP)- terms interchangeable; vibrates “a lot”
- The make-up of Lamina Propria is a major determinant in the vibratory behavior of the fold.
- made up of a variety if viscoelastic connective tissues
- the make up of SLLP is a major determinant in the vibratory behavior of the fold

- Intermediate layer is primarily elastic fibers (ILLP)

- Deep layer are collagenous fibers (DLLP) that insert directly into the underlying TA muscle- deep and intermediate combined is known as the vocal ligament

Front 203

Muscle – TA

Back 203

(thyroarytenoid muscule)

(vocalis and thyromuscularis)

Front 204

Vocal fold is a laminar structure: Two important facts

Back 204

- graded stiffness across all layers- most stiff is the vocalis muscle (body)

- The mechanical features and make-up of the folds plays a MAJOR role in determining voice quality.

Front 205

Layers of VF may also be described in terms of their mechanical properties

Back 205

The histology of the folds can be arranged into:

Cover: epithelium and superficial layer of lamina propria- Reinke’s space

Transitional Zone: intermediate and deep lamina propria- equivalent to the vocal ligament

Body: the muscle

Front 206

Implications of the mechanical model are that:

Back 206

Cover and transitional zones are PASSIVELY regulated, while the body can be ACTIVELY regulated.

Mechanical description does a better job of explaining the vibratory characteristics of the folds in health and disease.

Clinically this is what we REALLY care about- functional rehabilitation

Front 207

Our mantra:

Back 207

“the mechanics of the system dictate voice quality”

Front 208

Thyroarytenoid Revisited

Back 208

Composed of medial and lateral subdivisions.

Thyromuscularis: primarily fast twitch – fatigable.

Thyrovocalis: primarily slow twitch and slow tonic fibers

Front 209

Thyromuscularis:

Back 209

primarily fast twitch – fatigable

“Positioners”, not tuners

Specialized for rapid, dynamic movements

Originated from muscular process of arytenoids- (know vocal vs muscle process)

-mechanical advantage to adduct the glottis

Front 210

Thyrovocalis:

Back 210

primarily slow twitch and slow tonic fibers

Fatigue resistant, small forces
Originates from vocal process and further subdivided into the Inferior and Superior Vocalis muscle compartments

Slow tonic fibers do not twitch, rather they perform slow and prolonged contractions much like smooth muscle- have many characteristics of this smooth muscle

STF are a very rare muscle type; only found in the eye muscle and the middle ear muscles in humans before it was found in the vocalis muscle

STF’s may provide the human with the unique ability to smoothly grade the stiffness directly along the vibrating edge of the fold. (part of fold right by glottis, really smoothes out jitter and shimmer in our voice)

“Tuners”- fine tuning something

Front 211

Specialization of the Thyrovocalis in humans

Back 211

Subdivided into two distinct areas:

Superior vocalis & Inferior vocalis

Front 212

Inferior Vocalis

Back 212

IV is hypothesized to regulate fundamental frequency of voice

made of slow twitch fibers

it is possible that this compartment is INDEPENDENTLY controlled

Front 213

Superior vocalis in humans

Back 213

SV in humans is packed with very short muscle fibers with an extremely dense nerve supply, our SLOW TONIC FIBERS
SV specialization is a unique feature to VF’s of humans producing speech.

composed of soft non-muscular tissue in every other

SV falls underneath vibrating edge of folds.

Suggested to provided exquisite regulation of tension along the vibrating edge

Thus, through independent regulation of the SV, the CNS may adjust the harmonics produced, thus shaping vocal quality

Front 214

All intrinsic laryngeal muscles in relation to one another – generally what do the actions of these muscles ultimately accomplish?

Back 214

Rotate the arytenoids and prepare the system for vocalization

…Which is exactly what you need for Laryngeal Engagement

Front 215

Medial compression

Back 215

Forces that act to approximate the vocal folds at midline.

Combination of LCA (lateral crico arytenoids) and IA (internal arytenoids) to rotate the arytenoid cartilages.

Higher compression forces translate into a higher phonatory threshold for vibration initiation- 2cm H20 is the threshold from last lecture; now requires more air pressure to blow open the vf’s if they are more tightly compressed at midline

Front 216

Longitudinal Tension

Back 216

Stretching forces applied to the vocal fold tissue.- a little war going on; create a tension; forces acting on both sides

Use of the CT, TA and (in some instances) the extrinsic musculature.

During engagement, sub-glottal pressures begin to build and the velocity of airflow dramatically rises.

Front 217

Functional features of the glottis

Back 217

Variations in vocal quality are strongly influenced by the “closeness” of the VF margins produced during engagement

Different degrees of adduction result in perceptual voice features such as normal, breathy, and pressed vocal quality.

Front 218

Breathy:

Back 218

folds start vibrating before closure is achieved

full closure is not reached (full closure leaves miniscule opening between vocal folds)

hypofunctional voice disorder

Front 219

Pressed:

Back 219

Very high medial compressive forces;

often leads to a hyperfunctional voice disorder (doing too much)

strained strangled voice quality

often they are overlapping

Front 220

Glottal Area- showing the glottal area between the vocal folds- leads to what kinds of sounds?

Back 220

breathy- highest; most space between folds


pressed- least amount of space between folds, often overlaps

Front 221

Pitch changes MAY result from changes in

Back 221

length and tension of vocal folds.

(same concept as guitar strings; the high pitch sounds come from the thinner strings; the thinner stings are also tuned tighter and more tense)

Front 222

Increase in length of the vocal fold,

Back 222

decreases the overall thickness of the vocal fold, which can function to elevate pitch if operating alone.

Front 223

BUT…Increases in tension are more important for...

Back 223

for pitch elevation than changes in length.

Front 224

Tension increases in the vf's because:

Back 224

Changes in the elastic nature of the vocal fold tissue when it is lengthened due to antagonistic contraction of the TA and CT.

TA pulls it short and CT works against this and pulls it longer

Front 225

Pitch Raising Mechanism

Back 225

Contraction of CT elongates the TA by rocking and gliding the thyroid cartilage forward. – does not significantly increase pitch

Alternatively, TA contraction alone would only act to shorten the vocal folds and decrease the distance between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.

Thus, effective longitudinal tension builds when these actions occur simultaneously.

PCA activity increases slightly during pitch shifts.
This action may function to prevent a forward sliding movement of the aryteniod cartilage when the CT contracts and pulls the TA thinner.

Front 226

PCA activity increases slightly during...

Back 226

pitch shifts

This action may function to prevent a forward sliding movement of the aryteniod cartilage when the CT contracts and pulls the TA thinner.

PCA may act to anchor the arytenoid from strain of tension.

Front 227

TA (acting alone) would decrease the space between...

Back 227

the thyroid and the aryteniod

PCA may act to anchor the arytenoid from strain of tension.

Front 228

How is the CT involved in finer pitch adjustments?

Back 228

CT is said to "load" the vocal folds in a gross manner with contraction of muscle fibers in TA to perform finer pitch adjustments.

CT activity is constant over a limited range of pitch.

CT activity increase in a sudden stair-step fashion.

Finer adjustments to within that pitch range are made by TA muscle activity.

Front 229

Combinations of ____________ and _______________________ assist in extreme pitch elevation.

Back 229

Combinations of infrahyoid and suprahyoid muscles assist is extreme pitch elevation.

Front 230

Pitch Lowering

Back 230

Primarily achieved by changes in TA activity- makes vocal folds thicker and shorter (lower pitch, lower frequency)

TA acts mostly by itself to lower pitch - Unopposed by other muscle groups, with CT unloading gradually, again.

Reduction in distance between the thyroid and arytenoids.

Vocal ligament become relaxed as a consequence.

Able to vibrate at larger amplitudes. (loose and thick and they can be displaced more; they are slower)

LCA acts to maintain vocal fold approximation (medial compression) at low pitches. (lateral cricoarytenoid)

In extreme pitch lowering, larynx is depressed by combinations of extrinsic muscles.

Front 231

Pitch Lowering is primarily achieved how?

Back 231

Primarily achieved by changes in TA activity- makes vocal folds thicker and shorter (lower pitch, lower frequency)

TA acts mostly by itself to lower pitch - Unopposed by other muscle groups, with CT unloading gradually, again.

Front 232

A reduction in distance between the thyroid and arytenoids produces...

Back 232

A lower pitch

Vocal ligament become relaxed as a consequence, and is thus able to vibrate at larger amplitudes. (loose and thick and they can be displaced more; they are slower)

Front 233

How is the lateral cricoarytenoid involved in pitch lowering?

Back 233

LCA acts to maintain vocal fold approximation (medial compression) at low pitches. (lateral cricoarytenoid)

Front 234

In extreme pitch lowering.....

Back 234

In extreme pitch lowering, larynx is depressed by combinations of extrinsic muscles.

Front 235

In general, intensity is regulated by ....

Back 235

The degree of medial compression in the glottis & greater respiratory drive

Front 236

Intensity change mechanism

Back 236

In general, intensity is regulated by the degree of medial compression in the glottis & greater respiratory drive.

Results in greater levels of resistance to airflow, thus producing an increase in Psg.

Increased Psg is now need to overcome the increased resistance of the glottis to air flow.

Increased Psg, will drive air more quickly out of the system – Increase in airflow.

Produces an increase in the rate of airflow.

Classic cyclical interactive relationship

Doubling of Psg, produces an 8-12 dB rise in sound level

Front 237

The degree of medial compression in the glottis & greater respiratory drive results in....

Back 237

Greater levels of resistance to airflow, thus producing an increase in subglottal pressure.

Front 238

What is needed to overcome increased resistance of the glottis to air flow? Then what happens?

Back 238

Increased Psg is needed to overcome the increased resistance of the glottis to air flow.

Produces an increase in the rate of airflow.

Classic cyclical interactive relationship

Doubling of Psg, produces an 8-12 dB rise in sound level

Front 239

Increase subglottal pressure creates what effect in a system?

Back 239

Increased Psg will drive air more quickly out of the system and thus there is an increase in airflow.

Front 240

Pitch change & intensity

Back 240

Intensity mechanism changes when tested in the context of the F0 range you initiate voicing.

At low F0 ranges, intensity is regulated by changes in the strength of medial compression (glottal resistance) (LCA important for MC)

As pitch increases through the low Fo range, intensity increases as well.

Another cyclical interaction

At high F0, intensity is changed by substantially increasing airflow through the narrow glottis (the are so tight they cannot meet at midline so you have to increase airflow)

Sort out pitch rising and lowering versus intensity; NOT the same

Front 241

Intensity mechanism changes when tested in the context of the F0 range you initiate voicing....explain

Back 241

At low F0 ranges, intensity is regulated by changes in the strength of medial compression (glottal resistance) (LCA important for MC)

As pitch increases through the low Fo range, intensity increases as well.

Another cyclical interaction

At high F0, intensity is changed by substantially increasing airflow through the narrow glottis (pushing more air)
- cannot be heald as long because giving more air flow to give the SAME intensity
(they are so tight they cannot meet at midline so you have to increase airflow)

Front 242

Pitch change & intensity:
LOW PITCHES

Back 242

how much MEDIAL COMPRESSION regulates intensity

Front 243

Pitch change & intensity:
HUGH PITCHES

Back 243

airflow (subglottal pressure) regulates intensity

-vocal folds will not have a lot of medial compression so they CANNOT be depended on to increase the LOUDNESS

Front 244

Sequence Summary for Voice Initiation

Back 244

1. Vocal folds are initially in an abducted state.
2. Refill air supply (inhalation).
3. Approximate arytenoids & adduct the vocal folds.
4. Elongate & increase tension of vocal folds (variable during phonation).
More Tense – Higher freq of vibratory sound source, Less – Lower freq
5. Narrowing at the glottis generates resistance for the airflow stream
a. Rise in Psg
6. Psg increases until it is sufficient to overcome the elastic & muscular forces holding the vocal folds approximated at midline.
7. The minimum Psg needed to set the vocal folds into vibration is called:
a. Phonatory threshold = ~ 3 cm H20 for low F0, & ~ 6 cm H20 for high F0.
8. Psg pushes the vocal folds laterally and superiorly, and the vocal folds are “blown apart”.
9. Psg is released & the vocal folds are re-approximated.
10. Psg begins to rise again, and the sequence continues.

Front 245

Vocal fold vibration is self-sustaining

Back 245

Vibration results from a combination of active muscle forces, passive viscoelastic forces, respiratory drive & dynamic emergent physics from the interaction of variables


-As long as these forces are present, vibration will continue indefinitely. (if one is not present, it my end or mess up vocalization process)

- Must cross “phonatory threshold” to set system into vibration.
-Intraglottal pressure changes are important for the creation of a pattern of alternating pressures within the glottal space:

Front 246

Vibration results from a combination of....

Back 246

active muscle forces
passive viscoelastic forces
respiratory drive
dynamic emergent physics from the interaction of variables

Front 247

Current model for vocal fold function: Aerodynamic-Mucomyoelastic Theory

Requirements:

Back 247

Aerodynamic forces, lubrication, muscular forces, elastic forces

Front 248

Phonatory Threshold

Back 248

- must be crossed to set folds into vibration (2-3 cm H20)

Front 249

Aerodynamic forces effecting vocalization

Back 249

-Phonatory Threshold must be crossed to set folds into vibration

- these driving pressures are needed to overcome the stiffness, elasticity, mass and inertia of the folds

- The duration and strength of laryngeal engagement (longitudinal tension and medial compression) dictates how great a phonatory threshold you must overcome.

Front 250

Continuity Law of Incompressible Fluids (or tubes and velocity)

Back 250

If you have a tube with a steady stream of air or fluid flowing through it, the total energy used must remain constant over the entire flow path

- based on the idea that energy can neither be created or destroyed, therefore the total energy used in the system will remain constant

Total energy = Potential energy + Kinetic energy

So, at a constriction in the tube, particle velocity will increase

-because the same amount of fluid or air that enters the system has to leave it because that total energy used must remain constant

(AT vocal or glottis constriction, particle velocity is going to increase)

Front 251

Continuity Law

Back 251

At a constriction in the tube, particle velocity will increase

- because the same amount of fluid or air that enters the system has to leave it because that total energy used must remain constant

(AT vocal or glottis constriction, particle velocity is going to increase)

NEED THIS IN ORDER TO HAVE BERNOULLI'S LAW

Front 252

Bernoulli’s Law of Conservation of Energy: Background Info

Back 252

Daniel Bernoulli (1738) - Originally formulated the relation between airflow velocity and changes in pressure.

- based upon the idea that energy can be neither created or destroyed, and builds upon the previous Continuity Law

c (constant energy, constant volume of fluid or air flow = d (density) x (1/2) V (velocity squared) X p (pressure

Front 253

Bernoulli’s Law

Back 253

As the speed (velocity) of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases or as a region of constriction is encountered, the pressure within that fluid decreases at that region.

The total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is a constant over the entire flow path.

An increase in the fluid's speed must therefore be matched by a decrease in its pressure.

Functionally, assists in rapid closure of the vocal folds (negative pressure, particle velocity increases, pressure decreases so the pressure is negative and it sucks the vocal folds back together from the bottom up and cycle begins again.)

Front 254

C= d x (1/2) V² x P

Back 254

C= constant energy, constant volume of fluid or air flow

D= density

V= velocity

P= pressure

Front 255

BERNOULLI LAW OR AERODYNAMIC LAW equation

Back 255

C= d x (1/2) V² x P

Front 256

Intraglottal pressure changes are important for....

Back 256

Intraglottal pressure changes are important for the creation of a pattern of alternating pressures within the glottal space.

Positive pressures separate vocal folds
Negative pressures suck the vocal folds back together

Front 257

As the speed (velocity) of a moving fluid (liquid or gas) increases or as a region of constriction is encountered...

Back 257

The pressure within that fluid decreases at that region...

Front 258

The total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is....

Back 258

A constant over the entire flow path...

SO, It remain the same while the PRESSURE AND VOLUME need to change

Front 259

An increase in the fluid's speed must be matched by...

Back 259

A decrease in its pressure.

Front 260

Bernoulli's Law demonstrated functionally

Back 260

Functionally, assists in rapid closure of the vocal folds

negative pressure= particle velocity increases

- pressure decreases so the pressure is negative and it sucks the vocal folds back together from the bottom up and cycle begins again

Front 261

Mucomyoelastic forces

Back 261

o Lubrication and muscle
- the moisture level within and on the surfaces of the mucosal layers of the vocal folds (Epith, SLLP, ILLP, DLLP) affects phonation by contributing to the viscoelastic properties and surface forces of the mucose

- maintained by the glands within the saccule of the ventricles and interstitial fluid, as well as systemic hydration (saccule secretes special lubrications)

Front 262

Lubrication

Back 262

- the moisture level within and on the surfaces of the mucosal layers of the vocal folds (Epith, SLLP, ILLP, DLLP) AFFECTS phonation by contributing to the viscoelastic properties and surface forces of the mucose

Front 263

Muscular forces

Back 263

contraction of the muscles

Instrinsic:
Cricothyroid
LCA
PCA
TA
Interarytenoids

Extrinsic: Suprahyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Anterior
Posterior
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid

Extrinsic: Infrahyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

Front 264

Instrinsic:

Back 264

Cricothyroid
LCA
PCA
TA
Interarytenoids

Front 265

Extrinsic: Suprahyoid

Back 265

Geniohyoid
Digastric
Anterior
Posterior
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid

Front 266

Extrinsic: Infrahyoid

Back 266

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

Front 267

Elastic forces

Back 267

- Generated by both the muscles as well as the outer (passively regulated) layers of the vocal folds

- Largely due to the loose coupling between the mucosa and the thyrocalis

- During vibrations, a series of waves are developed along the pliable surface layers of VF

- Development of a mucosal traveling wave & its interaction with the airflow through the glottis.

(3 wave types)

Front 268

During vibrations, a series of waves are developed along the pliable surface layers of VF

Back 268

- Mucosal Wave - Medial to lateral surface wave (black)

- Vertical phase difference - the inferior margins of the vocal folds move in a different manner than the superior margins, with the inferior margins separating first and closing first. (red)

- Longitudinal Wave - anterior to posterior motion of mucosa. (blue)

Front 269

Mucosal Wave:

Back 269

Medial to lateral surface wave (black)

Front 270

Vertical phase difference:

Back 270

- the inferior margins of the vocal folds move in a different manner than the superior margins, with the inferior margins separating first and closing first. (red)

Front 271

Longitudinal Wave:

Back 271

- anterior to posterior motion of mucosa. (blue)

Front 272

Diagnostic features to normal ID vs. abnormal voicing of the waves produced by elastic forces

Back 272

- smoothness, evenness, and pattern of these waves are all diagnostic features to normal ID vs. abnormal voicing

-remember the sounds are rapid vibrations in the air pressure

- vocal fold waves that sound- they work to shape the air pressure by the glottis

- these “shaping” processes are perceived as differences in voice quality

Front 273

The reason we can have these different waves is because of...

Back 273

the lose coupling and the relationship between all the layers of the vocal folds

Front 274

Mucosa

Back 274

Stratified epithelium + Lamina propria

Front 275

The sounds produced by the waves of the elastic forces are....

(shaping)

Back 275

-remember the sounds are rapid vibrations in the air pressure

- vocal fold waves that sound- they work to shape the air pressure by the glottis

- these “shaping” processes are perceived as differences in voice quality

Front 276

Cover-Body Theory of Phonation

Back 276

- it is the only “active” part of the vocal is the muscles, but there are many different important characteristics of the vfs

- remember we can only change the muscles

- the muscles underneath change the layers above (the COVERS)

Front 277

Vocal adjustments in speaking & singing are regulated by changing the mechanical properties of the different layers of tissue in the vocal folds. How?

Back 277

By using different laryngeal muscles, the relative stiffness of the cover and body layers of the vocal folds are changed, thus generating different patterns of vocal fold vibration.

Front 278

The features of the waves that are developed on the fold strongly influence....

Back 278

The acoustic features of the sound source

-example: contraction of both the TA and CT+ slackness in cover and body (low stiffness, get a low frequency results as does a lower pitch)

- example 2: strong body of the TA and a weak contraction of CT= (louder phonation) stronger body (which is muscle) than the cover

longitudinal tension- strong body and cover, taught string, CT and TA are pulling against each other- results in a loud, high pitch

Front 279

The contraction of both the TA and CT+ slackness in cover and body

Back 279

Low stiffness
Low frequency results as well as a lower pitch

Front 280

Strong body of the TA and a weak contraction of CT results in a...

Back 280

Louder phonation and a stronger body (which is the muscle) compared to the the cover

Front 281

Vocal fold dynamics

Back 281

-used for evaluating the contribution of different components of the laryngeal system to voicing
- models have evolved from simple 1 degree of freedom (dF models- only one way to move)…to multiple dF models allowing us to study smaller details of the wonderfully dynamic system
- in 1973, the 3 mass model was created, vocal folds open from bottom to top, with the bottom always leading
-“m” in the 3 mass is the representations of the muscles, and m1 and m2 are the “layers” or the vocal folds leading to this movement and more on vertical phase difference
(example, Parkinson’s patient- muscles stiffen, in the 3 mass model the “m” would be the TA because it is stiff. also would have a quiet voice because there muscles are stiff and they would have no medial compression)

Front 282

The CT and TA are pulling against each other creating longitudinal tension...
Describe the body/cover position and the resulting sound.

Back 282

Strong body and cover, a taught string

Results in a loud, high pitch

Front 283

Glottal Area Waveform (Glottogram):

Back 283

- plot of glottal area changes over time

Front 284

Electroglottography (EGG):

Back 284

- a measure of the electrical resistance across the glottis.
- A non-invasive technique
- Works on the idea that air and biological tissues pass electrical current very differently.
-Measures indirectly the opening & closing of the glottis

-When vf are closed, waveform has increased amplitude
-When vf are open, weak or no signal because it’s hitting resistance (air)

Front 285

EGG signal is the Lx Waveform

Back 285

- Shows the surface area of VF contact versus time.

- As VF’s close, mild electrical current passes more easily, and is shown by increasing amplitude of the Lx Wave.

- As VF’s open, the mild electrical current that passes between VF’s decreases and the Lx Wave amplitude drops.

Front 286

Lx Wave shows the Duty Cycle of VF vibration

Back 286

- Duty cycle refers to the different phases or interval segments of a VF vibratory cycle.

- Using Figure 6.14 in Ferrand (2001)
A = inferior margins of vf starting to contact each other
B = superior margins of vf starting contact
C = maximum contact between vf is achieved
D = inferior margins of vf begin separating
E = inferior margins are completely separate and superior margins begin separating
F= contact between vf is at its minimum

Front 287

EXPLAIN

Back 287

Lx Wave shows the Duty Cycle of VF vibration

Duty cycle refers to the different phases or interval segments of a VF vibratory cycle.

A = inferior margins of vf starting to contact each other

B = superior margins of vf starting contact

C = maximum contact between vf is achieved

D = inferior margins of vf begin separating

E = inferior margins are completely separate and superior margins begin separating

F= contact between vf is at its minimum

Front 288

Back 288

generated by both the muscles as well as the outer (passively regulated) layers of the vocal folds
largely due to the loose coupling between the mucosa and the thyrocalis

During vibrations, a series of waves are developed along the pliable surface layers of VF

Development of a mucosal traveling wave & its interaction with the airflow through the glottis.

Mucosal Wave - Medial to lateral surface wave (black)

Vertical phase difference - the inferior margins of the vocal folds move in a different manner than the superior margins, with the inferior margins separating first and closing first. (red)

Longitudinal Wave - anterior to posterior motion of mucosa. (blue)

Front 289

Relationship between EGG and glottal airflow

Back 289

Glottal airflow can be used as an indicator of vocal fold vibration.

Understanding how a vibratory cycle maps on to an EGG waveform is important for interpretation and diagnosis.

Front 290

Glottal airflow shape is an indicator of glottal area...

Back 290

Typical shape glottal airflow shows that airflow begins more gradually and ends more abruptly.

Comparing the glottal area with flow, maximum flow is achieved AFTER the maximum opening of the glottis.

This delay in max flow is due to inertial effects of air moving through the glottis, motion of the glottis during a vibratory cycle and changes to glottal shape.

Front 291

Typical shape glottal airflow shows that airflow begins ________ and ends ___________.

Back 291

More gradually

More abruptly

Front 292

Comparing the glottal area with flow, maximum flow is achieved....

Back 292

- AFTER the maximum opening of the glottis

Front 293

The delay in max flow is due to...

Back 293

THREE THINGS:
- inertial effects of air moving through the glottis

-motion of the glottis during a vibratory cycle

- changes to glottal shape

Front 294

Quantitative Measures from the EGG Signal

Back 294

Closed-Quotient

Open Quotient

Closed-to-Open Ratio

Front 295

Closed-Quotient:

Back 295

- Represents the duration of closed phase to the time of the entire cycle.

- Reflects the time VF’s are in contact with each other thus a measure of “medial compression”

-High CQ’s indicate longer durations of closure and vice versa

-louder or “pressed” voices show higher CQ’s indicate than softer or breathier voices

-provides an objective measure of hypo- or hyperfunction

Front 296

Open Quotient:

Back 296

- Represents the proportion of a vibratory cycle that the vocal folds are open

- Also known as a Duty Cycle
during open phase the folds are “on duty” to produce sound

-Decreases with an increase in intensity (folds stay closed more during louder phonation).

-the order: first, medially compression of vf, then there is a buildup of subglottal pressure

Front 297

Closed-to-Open Ratio:

Back 297

- Relative duration of closed phase versus that of the open phase.

-c/o ratio

-can determine the degree of hyperfunction of hypofunction

-if c > OQ = hyperfunction (pressed voice, talk louder, too much medial compression)

-if OQ is big = hypofunction (breathy voice, glottal fry, not enough medial compression)

Front 298

Duty Cycle

Back 298

Open Quotient: the proportion of a vibratory cycle that the vocal folds are open meaning that they are “on duty” to produce sound

Front 299

Shape of the glottal waveform is related to our auditory voice perception

Back 299

Jagged waveform (sharp corners): represents sudden changes in airflow
~ More high frequencies in spectrum (higher amplitude of higher frequencies).
~ “Brassy” timbre


Smoother waveform (smooth corners): represents gradual changes in airflow
~ Lower high frequency amplitude in spectrum
~ “fluty” timbre.

Front 300

Jagged waveform (sharp corners):

Back 300

- Represents sudden changes in airflow


~ More high frequencies in spectrum (higher amplitude of higher frequencies)

~ “Brassy” timbre

Front 301

Smoother waveform (smooth corners):

Back 301

- Represents gradual changes in airflow


~ Lower high frequency amplitude in spectrum

~ “fluty” timbre

Front 302

-Louder or “pressed” voices indicate

Back 302

Higher Closed-Quotient’s

- Closed-Quotient provides an objective measure of hypo- or hyperfunction

Front 303

High Closed-Quotient’s indicate...

Back 303

Longer durations of closure and vice versa

Front 304

Closed-Quotient’s are a measure of...

Back 304

Reflects the time VF’s are in contact with each other thus a measure of “medial compression”

Front 305

Open Quotient decreases when _________________ increases.

Back 305

Open Quotient decreases with an increase in INTENSITY

(folds stay closed for longer peroids during LOUDER more INTENSE phonation)

Front 306

If Closed-Quotient > (GREATER THAN) Open Quotient=

Back 306

Hyperfunction

- Vocal folds are being over worked!

(pressed voice, talk louder, too much medial compression)

Front 307

If Open Quotient is big =

Back 307

Hypofunction

-Vocal folds stay in an open position for a greater amount of time

(breathy voice, glottal fry, not enough medial compression)

Front 308

Laryngeal vibration is the sound source for speech

Back 308

A single cycle of opening and closing takes approximately 1/100th second

cycle repeat at rates in the region of 100-250 times per second for adults males or females

Fo for female ~200Hz (5 msec period)

Rate is too rapid for the human ear to discriminate each individual cycle…we hear an average
-we perceive average variations in overall rate of vibration as changes in the pitch of the voice

-it is the “puffs of air” released during each cycle that create the sound, not the impact of the folds coming together, creates glottal spectra

Front 309

A single cycle of opening and closing takes approximately...

Back 309

1/100th second

Front 310

Cycle of opening and closing repeats about how many times per second for adults males and females

Back 310

- The cycle repeats at rates in the region of 100-250 times per second for adults males or females

Fundamental frequency for female ~200Hz (5 msec period)

Front 311

What creates the glottal spectra?

What creates the sound?

Back 311

- It is the “puffs of air” released during each cycle that create the sound, NOT the impact of the folds coming together (those shape sound)

-This create the glottal spectra

Front 312

Rate of the opening and closing cycle of the vocal folds is too rapid for the human ear to discriminate each individual cycle…how do we hear?

Back 312

We hear an average

- we perceive average variations in overall rate of vibration as changes in the pitch of the voice

Front 313

Glottal Spectra

Back 313

- The vibrating vocal folds produce the glottal source energy that is described by the glottal spectrum.

- Sound you hear if a microphone is placed just above your vibrating VF’s, before the sound has a chance to be affected by the upper vocal tract.

Approximately 40 harmonics are present in the human voice with sound energies up to ~8000 Hz.

F0 corresponds to perceptual pitch

Harmonics that are present and the magnitude of their contribution correspond to one’s voice quality. → timbre or tone of the sound

Front 314

How does the Glottal Spectra correspond to one’s voice quality?

Back 314

- Approximately 40 harmonics are present in the human voice with sound energies up to ~8000 Hz.

F0 corresponds to perceptual pitch

- Harmonics that are present and the magnitude of their contribution correspond to one’s voice quality. → timbre or tone of the sound

Front 315

Glottal Spectra is produced by....
where can we find this?

Back 315

- The vibrating vocal folds produce the glottal source energy that is described by the glottal spectrum.

- Sound you hear if a microphone is placed just above your vibrating VF’s, before the sound has a chance to be affected by the upper vocal tract.

Front 316

Harmonic Spacing

Back 316

Remember, that harmonics are whole number multiples of the F0, so…

As you change pitch (or F0), you are altering the distances between harmonics of each F0.

Example:
An F0=100 Hz has harmonics of 200, 300, 400…Hz, now…
If you shift pitch to 200 Hz, then your harmonics are 200, 400, 600…Hz.
“Harmonic Spacing” has changed from 100 Hz to 200 Hz.

Wide spacings are perceived as less resonant or thin sounding.

Close spacing are perceived as rich, lush.

Children’s voices have high F0 and thus have wide harmonic spacing, sounding more pure. (think of a boys choir)

Front 317

Harmonics are

Back 317

Remember, that harmonics are WHOLE number multiples of the F0, so…

As you change pitch (or F0), you are altering the distances between harmonics of each F0.

Example:
An F0=100 Hz has harmonics of 200, 300, 400…Hz, now…

If you shift pitch to 200 Hz, then your harmonics are 200, 400, 600…Hz.

“Harmonic Spacing” has changed from 100 Hz to 200 Hz.

Front 318

Wide harmonic spacings are perceived as...

Back 318

Less resonant or thin sounding

Children’s voices have high F0 and thus have wide harmonic spacing. (think of a boys choir)

Front 319

Close harmonic spacings are perceived as...

Back 319

- rich
- lush

Front 320

The Human Voice is “almost” periodic (but very close)...

Back 320

Due to certain factors VF’s do not vibrate in a completely even manner.

Small fluctuations in the cycle by cycle period and amplitude do happen.

These variations are clinically referred to as Jitter and Shimmer.

Front 321

Vocal folds are not perfect due to factors such as:

Back 321

- Variations in tissue structure and biomechanics

- Variations is lung pressures or back-propagated pressures

- VF length differences or symmetry

- Different tissue masses or more mucous sitting on one fold versus another.

- Health of the larynx,

Front 322

VF’s do not vibrate in a completely even manner....

Back 322

Small fluctuations in the cycle by cycle period and amplitude do happen.

These variations are clinically referred to as Jitter and Shimmer.

High values of each variable suggest a problem with neuromuscular regulation of or growths on the VF’s

Front 323

High values of each Jitter and Shimmer
suggest a problem with...

Back 323

Neuromuscular regulation of or growths on the VF’s

Front 324

Jitter

Back 324

Jitter are differences in period time from one cycle to another.

A TRUE periodic signal has period values which are all the same.

If the vocal fold are vibrating at almost periodically at 100 Hz, one cycle may last 9 ms, and the next 11ms, and the next my last 12 ms, then 10 ms…etc…

These slight differences are JITTER or more precisely referred to as Frequency Perturbations.

Represents a metric to the functional health of the VF operation.

Normal range is < 1 % difference

Children and the elderly have high jitter values reflect a less stable behavior in these populations.

One can be trained to reduce jitter values.

-Children: muscles haven’t developed yet

-Elderly: loss of muscle tone, calcification

Front 325

Frequency Perturbations-

Back 325

Also referred to as Jitter

- Jitter: differences in period time from one cycle to another

A TRUE periodic signal has period values which are all the same

Front 326

How are children and the elderly affected by JITTER?

Back 326

Children and the elderly have high jitter values reflect a less stable behavior in these populations.


-Children: muscles haven’t developed yet

-Elderly: loss of muscle tone, calcification

Front 327

Normal JITTER RANGE

Back 327

Represents a metric to the functional health of the VF operation.

Normal range is < 1 % difference

Front 328

Shimmer

Back 328

Shimmer are the differences in amplitude from one cycle to the next.

Cycle to cycle differences in you vocal loudness.

These slight differences are Shimmer or more precisely referred to as Amplitude Perturbations.

Represents a metric to the functional health of the VF operation.

Normal shimmer is ~ 0.5 dB

Front 329

Normal shimmer

Back 329

Represents a metric to the functional health of the VF operation.

Normal shimmer is ~ 0.5 dB

Front 330

Amplitude Perturbations

Back 330

Shimmer

Shimmer are the differences in amplitude from one cycle to the next.

Cycle to cycle differences in you vocal loudness.

Front 331

Why use Jitter & Shimmer ?

Back 331

Quick and easy with today’s technology

Can be used as a screening procedure.

Measures are very sensitive and can detect changes in function far before perceptual detection is possible.

-We can only perceive jitter and shimmer from voice when it’s already really bad, usually we can tell from acoustic measures

Front 332

The Larynx is a microcosm of the vocal tract

Back 332

Neuromuscular diseases may be first manifested by changes in vocal tract behaviors.

One may be able to detect progressive disorders first in vocal tract structures due to the exquisite control needed by the nervous system to produce voicing.

Head and Neck growths can be detected early due to the mechanical sensitivity of the vocal fold tissues to growths or masses either on the tissue or in close proximity.

Front 333

Average F0

Back 333

- F0 is recorded and averaged across the speaking time for a certain vocal task.

Avg. F0 is stable for adult M/F until 6th decade of life.

Infants and children have high F0 that descend with increasing age and maturity.

-Fo is influenced by subglottal pressure

-Data suggests that F0 is not strongly influenced by changes to Ps

-it is influenced, but not strongly influenced, LT is strongly influenced
If tension is held constant, then pressure produces a very small rise in pitch

-recall, pitch changes are governed primarily by stiffness (longitudinal tension) of the vf

-remember: pitch raising: LT, TA, and CT, PCA (anchor arytenoids)
pitch lowering: CT unloads

Front 334

Infants and children have what kind of fundamental frequency? (F0)

Back 334

Infants and children have high F0 that descend with increasing age and maturity.

Front 335

Fundamental frequency is influenced by...

Back 335

Subglottal pressure

-Data suggests that F0 is not strongly influenced by changes to Ps

-it is influenced, but not strongly influenced, LT is strongly influenced

If tension is held constant, then pressure produces a very small rise in pitch

Front 336

How is fundamental frequency measured?

Back 336

- Fundamental frequency is recorded and averaged across the speaking time for a certain vocal task.

Front 337

Fundamental Frequency is influenced by subglottal pressure, but not strongly. Why? What is influenced?

Back 337

- LT is strongly influenced

If tension is held constant, then pressure produces a very small rise in pitch

-recall, pitch changes are governed primarily by stiffness (longitudinal tension) of the vf

-remember: pitch raising: LT, TA, and CT, PCA (anchor arytenoids)
pitch lowering: CT unloads

Front 338

Average fundamental frequency is stable for adult M/F until...

Back 338

6th decade of life

Front 339

Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (MPFR)

Back 339

Complete range of frequencies a person can produce.

Typical range is 3 octaves or 70Hz to ~700 Hz. (more typical is 2 or 2.5 octaves)

MPFR reflects:
Physical health of the vocal apparatus
Physiological condition
Basic vocal ability

Front 340

Frequency Variability & Range

Back 340

-statistical measure of how much variability there is about the mean Fo during a speech task

-use the SD as a metric → Fo SD

-typical values of 20-35 Hz inflection for prosody of language (differs by language)

-too much or too little Fo variation can suggest a disorder (monotone)

-Fo is also calculated

-difference between highest and lowest Fo value during a task
= dynamic frequency range

Front 341

Dynamic frequency range

Back 341

-difference between highest and lowest Fo value during a task

Front 342

Harmonics vs Octaves

Back 342

Harmonics are whole number multiples, while octaves are doubling numbers

Front 343

Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (MPFR) REFLECTS:

Back 343

- Physical health of the vocal apparatus

- Physiological condition

- Basic vocal ability

Front 344

TYPICAL Phonational Frequency Range

Back 344

Typical range is 3 octaves or 70Hz to ~700 Hz. (more typical is 2 or 2.5 octaves)

Front 345

Average Amplitude Level –

Back 345

Overall amp level over a vocalization task

Reduced level points to neurological disorder

Front 346

Amplitude Variability –

Back 346

SD of mean amplitude over a phrase

-reduced level of amplitude can point to neuromuscular diseases

Front 347

Dynamic Range –

Back 347

The physiological range of amplitude that a person can produce

A restricted range may suggest an inability to produce prosodic or stress patterns during speech

Influenced by Fo range too

Smallest range in extremes of Fo, greatest range with Fo in the middle of the pitch range (200-400 Hz)

-subglottal can increase pitch, but you don’t need to have the subglottal increase to increase pitch

-soft = loud max, women- 40 to 115 db

-the maximum phonation frequency range: goes from loud to soft

Front 348

The need for objective measures of voice quality

Back 348

In today’s reality, this is a reimbursement issue.

No insurance company will pay for a treatment whose progress is noted as,
“he sounds less breathy and is more understandable.”

Voice quality is a multidimensional idea that requires you to understand and see the relationships among various aspects such as F0, loudness, Ps, rate, jitter, shimmer etc…in order to assess.

Your treatment choice is thus dictated by which relationship is faulty

Quantitative data allows you to sort out which factors are affecting their vocal quality.

Ex: Vocal nodules were treated as an Fo problem based on perception of a lower pitch than normal and hoarseness.

Patient was trained to raise Fo
But, Fo is normal in nodule cases.
Thus, Fo therapy is not indicated

Allows you to target the important factors to remediate and choose the right blend of treatment strategies.
Improving treatment effect and efficiency

Front 349

How does the anatomy of the respiratory system contribute to lung volume changes? Where does it all begin?

Back 349

Natural Resting State

Lung tissues have a natural tendency to collapse and shrink.

Thoracic tissues have a natural tendency to expand and become larger

Thus, the lung and thorax tissues exert recoil forces that are opposite in sign from one another.

Front 350

What do these mean?

Back 350

Pressures:
Alveolar: Palv
Subglottal: Psg
Intraoral: Po
Intranasal: Pn

Differences in regional pressures setup Air Flows (gradients develop)
Transglottal
Oral
Nasal

Front 351

What are relaxation pressures?

Back 351

Relaxation Pressures:
Air pressures generated from passive recoil and/or rebound forces of the respiratory system’s tissues.

Front 352

What is this representing?

Back 352

Muscular (Active) Pressure Graph

Front 353

What does quiet breathing look like?

Back 353

Quiet breathing is very regular and periodic (looks like a pure-tone sinusoid)

Front 354

What is happening here?

Back 354

Volume is decreasing and pressure is increasing

Front 355

Why does speech primarily use the mid-range of VC?

Back 355

Mid-range takes the least amount of energy to manipulate.
At extreme ends the respiratory system is much stiffer and more difficult to operate.

High effort is expressed with very little pay-off.

Front 356

Explain this graph

Back 356

Front 357

NORMAL

Back 357

Front 358

Back 358

Front 359

Back 359

Front 360

Back 360

Boyles law

Front 361

Back 361

Lung Volumes– volumes DO NOT overlap

Tidal volume (TV): volume of air that is being breathed in and out during breathing cycles; the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of breathing
Sinusoid = resting volume
Changes in TV depend on how much energy system is exerting

Minute volume (MV): how many cycles/liters/TV events per min

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): how much more air you could inhale past top of tidal volume; amount you can inhale above the normal inhale

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): what is in between lowest part of TV and top of RV; what can be voluntarily exhaled; amount that can be exhaled below the TV

Residual Volume (RV): after breathing out to lowest exhalation possible, the amount still remaining in lungs; amount of air that is always left in your lungs

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
TLC = TV + IRV+ ERV + RV

Front 362

CT activity alone moves how? What does it do?

Back 362

... stretches the vocal ligaments and vocal fold tissue

Front 363

Back 363

muscles!

Front 364

Back 364

Lung Capacities - Functional combinations of volumes

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
TLC = TV + IRV+ ERV + RV
Sum of all your volumes, doesn’t change too much as you age, but how much you can use of it DOES change as you age because your residual volume increases as you age, this decreases the other items
So as your RV increases, something has to be taken away so that the VC is decreased

Vital Capacity (VC) – what can actually be used (important!)
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
Maximum volume of air

Inspiratory Capacity (IC) – functional combination of how much you can inhale
IC = TV + IRV

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) – not actually used (functional)
FRC = ERV + RV

Front 365

TA contraction alone results

Back 365

in a decrease in distance between thyroid and arytenoid

Front 366

Draw shimmer

Back 366

Front 367

Draw Jitter

Back 367

Front 368

Diaphragm:

Back 368

Muscle of Inspiration: primary muscle for inhalation.

Front 369

External Intercostals:

Back 369

Muscle of Inspiration: active during tidal events (tidal volumes)

Front 370

Internal Intercostals (interchondral – in between cartilage):

Back 370

Muscle of Inspiration: elevates ribs

Front 371

Primary muscle generating pulse-like variations in expiratory effort to alter lung pressure during speech

Back 371

Muscle of Expiration: Internal intercostals (interosseous portion)

Front 372

Muscle that is antagonistic to diaphragm and active during LOUD speech, complementary to internal intercostal activity

Back 372

Rectus Abdominis: Muscle of Expiration