Sono Kidney & Thyroid Pathologies

Front 1

size of normal kidney

Back 1

 length 9 -12cm
 width 4 - 6cm
 depth <3.5cm
(differences >2cm imply a
pathology)

Front 2

most common renal mass is _____.

Back 2

Simple Cysts (typical features of a cyst
seen)

Front 3

Simple Cysts may become ____ or
____ and get
internal echoes and septae

Back 3

infected; haemorrhagic

Front 4

about 50% of people
over the age of 50
have renal________.

Back 4

cysts

Front 5

this cyst has become
infected as indicated by
the ___ level within
it

Back 5

debris

Front 6

although most cysts are cortical, sometimes they are associated with the renal pelvis (parapelvic cysts).

Back 6

these may be single or multiple and may look like a hydronephrosis

Front 7

APCKD?

Back 7

Adult polycystic kidney disease

Front 8

what is APCKD?

Back 8

 inherited, autosomal
dominant disorder, so scan
relatives
 usually bilateral enlargement
with multiple cysts
 may see cysts in other organs
 may be hypertensive
 slow progression to renal
failure
kidney may be large

Front 9

Renal Calculi

Back 9

Seen if large enough, but small ones easily missed, so an
IVU/CT KUB/Urography may be indicated.

Front 10

Ureteric Calculus

Back 10

a calculus has become lodged in the lower end of the
ureter leading to a dilation of the ureter

Front 11

Renal Tumour

Back 11

Very difficult to differentiate malignant renal tumours from benign.

Front 12

Renal cell carcinoma

Back 12

the most common
solid renal neoplasm
 generally a disease of
the middle aged and
elderly
 more common in
men than women

Front 13

Renal cell carcinoma

Back 13

in this example the
carcinoma can be seen
invading the liver
 usually a
heterogeneous solid
mass
 RCC may develop cystic
areas and calcifications
within it

Front 14

Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma) commonly found in ___.

Back 14

children

Front 15

paediatric patients who has Wilm's tumour often

Back 15

has haematuria and palpable abdo mass
tumour appears solid, large well-defined and
heterogeneous (areas of haemorrhage and necrosis are
common)
kidney often obliterated

Front 16

what is hydronephrosis?

Back 16

an abnormal dilatation of the renal collecting system. can be graded as mild (2mm seperation), moderate
(entire sinus seperated), severe (calyceal involvement)
 usually due to an obstruction e.g. calculus, pelvic
malignancy, but other causes are known

Front 17

when there is a mickey mouse sign, there is ___.

Back 17

Hydronephrosis

Front 18

normal measurements of thyroid

Back 18

12-20mm thick (2cm
is max. allowed), 20-25mm wide, 30-70mm
long

Front 19

Thyroid Disease

Back 19

usually nodular in form rather than diffuse
• very difficult to differentiate malignant
from benign
• however, the vast majority are benign

Front 20

Malignant thyroid disease:

Back 20

microcalcification
• poorly marginated
• hypo- or isoechoic
• more commonly single
nodule seen (can get mixed
malignant and benign)
• irregular or incomplete
halo
• enlarged lymph nodes

Front 21

Benign thyroid disease:

Back 21

calcification tends to be
coarse or peripheral
• usually well defined
• hypo-, iso and
hyperechoic
• often multiple nodules
• complete halo
• normal nodes

Front 22

most common thyroid pathology is

Back 22

Hyperplasia
(non-neoplastic thyroid enlargement e.g.
hyperplasia)

Front 23

May get cystic areas in hyperplasia, so called
_______-, with projections into the cyst

Back 23

colloid nodules

Front 24

_______ may also be seen in hyperplasia.

Back 24

calcification

Front 25

When a benign colloid nodule or an adenomatous noduleundergoes degeneration it may be mistaken for a cyst, butthese will have ______ and _______.

Back 25

thick walls; internal debris

Front 26

Solitary nodules

Back 26

are either benign adenomas or carcinomas

Front 27

adenomas can be _______ or ________
(depends on the tissue they are derived from)
and look exactly the same as benign nodular
hyperplasia

Back 27

follicular; non-follicular

Front 28

most solitary nodules will be ________.

Back 28

adenomas

Front 29

Adenomas are prone to undergo _____ and haemorrhage

Back 29

cystic degeneration

Front 30

how is Papillary carcinoma spread?

Back 30

spreads via the lymphatics, so the
cervical nodes will probably be involved

Front 31

Papillary carcinoma most commonly affect ______ although it can also affect all pt groups.

Back 31

young females

Front 32

Follicular carcinoma is the ______ most common thyroid carcinoma.

Back 32

second

Front 33

Follicular carcinoma look similar to

Back 33

follicular adenomas

Front 34

Follicular carcinoma are characterised by

Back 34

vascular invasion and tend to
spread via the blood stream so mets. are more
distant need FNA to really differentiate

Front 35

medullary carcinoma

Back 35

fairly rare, very slow
growing, usually involves lymphatics

Front 36

anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Back 36

usually a
disease of the elderly, a very agressive
tumour and presents as a rapidly growing

Front 37

fine needle aspiration is probably the best
way to make a _______
• However, ultrasound still has a role to play
in

Back 37

differential diagnosis

Front 38

detection and localisation of neck masses under ______
• differentiation of malignant from benign
(but not easy).

Back 38

• FNA guidance

Front 39

Thyroiditis

Back 39

diffuse thyroid diseases using leading to
general enlargement of the gland

Front 40

`thyroiditis ,may be (3) types:

Back 40

acute, subacute or chronic

Front 41

Thyroiditis are diagnosed

Back 41

clinically or by FNA
on US gland will appear thicker, and may get
reduced reflectivity

Front 42

an eg of thyroiditis is

Back 42

Hashimotos disease

Front 43

Hashimotos disease aka

Back 43

chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

Front 44

Hashimotos disease

Back 44

affects young to middle aged women
 painless, diffuse gland enlargement with
coarse parenchymal pattern, may see a few
discrete nodules, may have lymphadenopathy
 patient will have hypothyroidism
 difficult to differentiate from other diffuse
disease