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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology
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The scientific study of society, relationships between people, and free will.
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Social Determinism
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People as Social Actors
Patterns of Social Life Social Constructs |
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Sociological Imagination
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Relationship between experiences and the larger society, how people are aware of these relationships, and relate them to public issues.
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Social Locaters
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Bestow status upon a person
Sex, Race, Ethnicity, class, economic standing, age, ability/disability, sexual orientation |
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Auguste Compte
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-Coined the phrase Sociology
-Sociologists are the "High Priests" of Society -"founder" of sociology -Scientific Method -positivism |
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Positivism
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Knowledge from facts.
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Herbert Spencer
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-opposed social reform
-tampering with society could be harmful -survival of the fit |
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Social Darwinism
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Survival of the fit, society as interrelated, society promotes its own good/welfare.
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Karl Marx
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milieu-Rebellious, radical, anti-religious
-Critical of German Government and Society -alienated himself from German Society -moved to Paris, France -Bourgeoisie Vs Proletaiat -economic Determinism |
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Milieu
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Social Environment
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Economic Determinism
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-nature of society is based on economy
-economy determines its legal, religous, artistic and political structure. |
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Emile Durkheim
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-Sociology recognized
-Studied how Social Forces affect Behavior -Identified Social Integration |
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Social Integration
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Degree to which people are tied to a social group
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Max Weber
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Religion and the origin of Capitalism
Religion is the Central force in social change |
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Social Institutions
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Religion, Education, Family, Government, Medicine, Technology
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Manifest Function
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-intended
-recognized -open and stated |
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Latent Function
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-unintended
-unrecognized -covert and hidden -may reflect a hidden purpose |
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Functionalist Perspective
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-majority in society share common set of values and beliefs
-Society is in interrelated parts -Conflict is seen as a problem |
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Conflict Perspective
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-Society in a continuing struggle
-power struggle -scarce resources -competition and conflict -conflict doesnt need to be violent |
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Feminist Approach to the Conflict Perspective
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-importance of gender as an element of social structure
-focuses attention to women's experiences |
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Neo-Marxist approach to the conflict perspective
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-class struggle is inevitable
-conflict is a result of social change -focuses on racial-ethnic inequalities -exploitation of one social group |
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Interactionist Perspective
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-Day to Day interactions
-imediate social environment -behavior is learned |
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Definition of the Situation
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If you define a situation as real, you may act as if it was real and therefore it may become real.
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Levels of Analysis
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Macro Level-Large Scale
Micro Level- Social |
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Public uses of sociology
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-general enlightenment
-challenging popular myths -identifying social problems -designing solutions |
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Qualitative Vs Quantitative
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Qualitative-descriptions
Quantitative-numbers |
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Process of Scientific Method
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1.Select a topic
2. Define the problem 3. Review the Literature 4. Formulating a Hypothesis 5. Create a design 6. Collect Data 7. Interpret data 8. Publish Findings |
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Issues in Research Methods
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-objectivity
-people generalize -validity -reliability |
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Correlation
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Associating a change in one variable and a change in the value of another.
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Types of Research Methods
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-observation( Field, nonparticipant, participant)
-Hawthorne Effect |
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Secondary Analysis
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use of existing data
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Culture
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The totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior
-design for living, shared set of values, beliefs and behaviors -sense of identity |
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Material Culture
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Tangible Human Creations
-reflect values of a society |
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Nonmaterial Culture
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-ideas created by members of a society.
-intangible |
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Culture Teaches...
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What is right/wrong, What is proper behavior, communication, ways of thinking
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Sopir-Whorf Thesis
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People know the world only in terms of their own language
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Sociological Perspective
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ways of examining the same phenomena
-each perspective/model uses a different theory -each provides a framework in which observations may be logically ordered. |
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Interactionist Perspective
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-Day to Day interactions
-Ones immediate social environment -behavior is learned -cultural capital |
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Ethnocentrism
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-the tendency to evaluate other cultures in terms of one's own and to conclude that the other cultures are inferior
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Cultural Relativism
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-Practice of judging a culture in terms of how well it helps the members meet their survival needs
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Subculture
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A group within a society's dominant culture that shares some of its elements, but at the same time differentiates itself from the dominant culture
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Counter Culture
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-group within a society that develops in opposition to the dominant culture.
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Sources of cultural change
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-alteration in cultural environment
-contact with groups of different cultures -discovery -invention -diffusion |
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Cultural Lag
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A lag or delay between a change in technology or physical conditions and the adjustment in norms and values of a society
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Socialization
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-learning to be human
-we acquire our humanities through interaction with others -process by with society's culture is taught and learned |
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Nature Vs Nurture
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nature- personality traits and temperaments are a result of genetics.
Nurture-personality formed as a result of social environment |
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Charles Horton Cooley
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-we learn who we are by interacting with others
-looking glass self |
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Looking glass self
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-individuals look at themselves in the way they assume others see them.
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George Herbert Mead
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-Stages of Socialization
-I and the Me -sense of self emerges through social interaction |
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I and the Me
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I- spontaneous and free
Me-Formed by society |
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Freud
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Id-Unsocialized self
Superego-Conscience Ego-Conscious self |
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Kohlberg
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Moral Development-1. preconventional 2.conventional
3.post conventional |
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Anticipatory Socialization
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-process where a person rehearses for future occupations, positions, and relationships.
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Resocialization
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Assume a new status based on our choice
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Total Institutions
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degradation ceremony
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