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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociology
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The systematic study of human interaction
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Sociological imagination
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The ability to see personal troubles as a public issue
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Positivism
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Applying the experimental steps from natural science to social science. (August Comte)
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August Comte
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French philosopher, coined the term sociology, positivism
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Herbert Spencer
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British Philosopher, applied darwanism to humans, saw society as an organism
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Karl Marx
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His theories are the basis for, "Conflict Theory", wrote the communist manifesto, Bourgeoisie Vs. The proletariat
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Bourgeoisie Vs. The Proletariat
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People who own the means of production vs those who sell their labor
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Emile Durkheim
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People are products of the environment they are in, studied social trends, division of labor (Mechanical Vs Organic Society), collective Consciousness
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Mechanical Vs Organic Society
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Organic - Large structures where individuals don't do everything for themselves
Mechanical - society that provides for itself |
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Collective Consciousness
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Similar beliefs or attitudes that creates a connection between the citizens.
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Max Weber
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Thought religious values could be the basis for an economic system, value free, verstehen
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Value Free
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The want for no bias in research
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verstehen
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ability to see the world as others see it
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W.E.B. DuBois
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studies of inequalities, social movements
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Charles H Cooley
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The looking glass self, primary groups
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The Looking Glass self
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the way you think others are perceiving you shapes the way you turn out
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Primary Groups
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Family, Friends, people you see on a regular basis
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George H Mead
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"Play" and "Game," "generalized other"
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Robert merton
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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Self Fulfilling prophecy
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if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequence. (Person thinks they'll be a drug addict they may turn out to be one)
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Structual Functionalism
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-Look at how society functions at different levels
-used by Durkheim -Assumes stability (A society maintains progress), harmony (all of the groups are working together), change/evolution -Structual Functionalists try to examine patterns existing in a society and what the consequences of these patterns are. |
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(SF) positive consequence
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Function
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(SF)negative consequence
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Dysfunction
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(SF)Intended Consequence
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Manifest
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(SF)unintended Consequence
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Latent
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Conflict Theory
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-Used by Karl Marx and Max Weber
-Assumes competition, inequality, social change -Society and change are fueled by competition and conflict |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory
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-Used by George Herbert Mead
-Symbols are vital -Through interaction you learn words -Individuals become a social product, shaped by their relationships -Society and change are fueled by the interactions between individuals |
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Dependent Variable
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Variable that is based upon another variable
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Independent Variable
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Variable that affects the dependent variable
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Qualitative
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Descriptive, Lengthy
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quantitative
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data and statistics
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Induction
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Creating a theory to account for observed patterns
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deduction
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creating a hypothesis to test a theory
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Experimental Group
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contains the subjects who are exposed to the independent variable
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Control group
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contains the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variables
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Culture
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The total way of life is shared by members of society. (knowledge, values, language and customs)
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Material Culture
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Physical resources, always starts out as a resource from nature (wood)
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Non-material culture
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values and beliefs we have that influence how we act in society
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Cultural universals
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Customs and or practices occurring in all societies.
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Ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's culture is better than or superior to another's.
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Cultural relativism
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is the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture
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Structural Functionalist view of culture
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look at how culture affects us and us on our culture
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Conflict Theory view of culture
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cultural capital, culture is a social product
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Cultural Capital
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Attitude associated with the upper classes (involving material wealth and cultural assets)
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Symbols
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anything that meaningfully represents something else, help communicate ideas because they express concepts with visible objects.
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Values
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Shared ideas about desirable goals.
-Individualism -Achievement -Science/Technology -Equality |
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Norms
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shared rules of conduct that specify how people out to think and acct, tell you exactly how to behave
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Folkways
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Norms that are customary, normal and unwritten, habitual ways a group does things.
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Mores
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The norms associated with farily strong ideas of right or wrong; they carry a moral connotation
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Laws
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The rules that are enforced and sanctioned by the authority of government. (may or may not be norms)
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Sanctions
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The rewards for conformity and punishments for nonconformity.
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Formal Punishments
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Documented/written down punishments (receiving a ticket for speeding)
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Informal Punishments
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Not clearly defined by anyone (Being told to slow down after being caught speeding)
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Subcultures
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Groups that share the overall culture of society, but also maintain indistinctive set of values, norms and lifestyles and even distinctive language.
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Counterculture
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Groups whose values, interests, beliefs and lifestyles conflict with those of the larger culture (ex. gangs)
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Assimilation
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The process through which individuals learn and adopt the values and social practices of the dominant group, more or less giving up their own values in the process.
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Achieved Status
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Voluntary, person chooses what they want to do, represented by a title. (Ex. doctor)
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Ascribed status
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(Inherited/unchangeable), gender and race. Influences your achieved Sttus
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Master Status
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What you call yourself, your answer to, "what do you do"
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Role
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The behavior expectations that go along with a status
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Role Strain
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Conflicting demands are built into a single status that one individual has
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Role Conflict
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Conflicting role demands are placed on one person by 2 or more statuses held at the same time
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Social Institutions
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Family - Replace members
Economy - Produce, distribute, consume goods Government - Provides security Education - teaches new members |
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Alternate Institutions
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Media, Science/technology
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Gemeinschoft
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Traditional society, relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship/kinship. (Based on ascribed status)
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Gesellschaft
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Larger urban society, social bonds are based upon impersonal/specialized relationships, based on achieved status.
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Ethnomethdolgy
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The study of commonsense knowledge, individuals use this to understand the various situations they find themslves
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Perceptions are based on the statuses we occupy and the roles we play
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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The study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation
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Impression management
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Individuals efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interest/image
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Socialization
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The process of learning the roles, statuses, norms and values necessary for participation in social institutions
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Freudian Theory
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Id, Ego, Superego
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Id
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Basic drives/needs that demands immediate attention
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Ego
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Reality oriented, imposes restrictions on the id
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superego
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conscious/internal social ideas about right and wrong
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