Sociology Test 1

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sociology

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study of human society

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c wright mills

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sociological imagination

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sociological imagination

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the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces

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social institution

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any institution in a society that works to shape the behavior of the groups or people within it

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harriet martineau

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translated comte to english, mother of sociology

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karl marx

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marxism (conflict theory), basics for communism, historical materialism: conflicts between classes drove social change

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max weber

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versthen (understanding) to truly understand why people act the way they do, a sociologist must understand the meanings people attach to their actions

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quanititative

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based on numbers from surveys and statistics, used to study on a large scale

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qualitative

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comes from observations, shows the way people find meaning in their world

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functionalism

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best way to analyze society is to identify roles that different aspects or phenomena play (durkheim)

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conflict theory

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idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animation force of social change and society in general (marx)

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symbolic interactionism

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micro-level theory in which shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people's actions

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midrange theory

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various social institutions and processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running (merton)

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microsociology

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seeks to understand local interactional contexts (why people stare at buttons on elevators)

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macrosociology

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generally concerned with social dynamics across society

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material culture

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everything that is part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology

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ideology

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system of concepts and relationships that guides an individual or large group

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cultural scripts

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modes of behavior and understanding that are not universal or natural

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socialization

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process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a part of that society

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charles horton cooley

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theorized that the self emerges from our ability to assume the point of view of others and imagine how those others see us

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george herbert mead

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developed a theory about how the social self develops over the course of a childhood

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eric erikson

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established a theory of psychological development that identifies 8 stages that spans a persons lifetime

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agents of socialization

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...

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deductive approach

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a research approach that starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes empirical observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or modify the original theory

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inductive approach

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a research approach that starts with empirical observation and then works to form a theory

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dependent variable

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the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain

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research methods

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approaches that social scientist use for investigating the answers to a question

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independent variable

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a measured factor that the researcher believes has a casual impact on the dependent variable

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hypothesis

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a proposed relationship between 2 variables

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content analysis

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a systematic analysis of the content rather than the structure of a communication such as a written work, speech, or film.

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comte

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argued that human society has gone through three historical epistemological stages: theological, metaphysical, scientific

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max weber

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emphasis on the subjectivity of understanding human behavior is the foundation of interpretive sociology

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emile durkheim

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believed division of labor not only effects productivity, but also has social and moral consequences, defined anomie as a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in peoples living conditions. often considered to be there founding practitioner of positivist sociology

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resocialization

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change in values or beliefs

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robert merton

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came up with role theory

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status

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position in society that comes with certain expectations

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ascribed status

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one we are born into

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achieved status

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one we have earned through individual efforts

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master status

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overrides all others

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roles

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behaviors expected from your status

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role conflict

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roles associated with one status clash with roles associated with other status

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role strain

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roles associated with a single status clash

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social construction

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people give meaning to values or ideas through interactions

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symbolic interactionism

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microlevel theory that people act in accordance with shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions

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erving goffman

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dramaturgical theory views social life as a theatrical performance in which we are all actors on metaphysical stages

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ethnomethodology

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approach to studying human interactions, called breaching experiments that focuses on the ways in which we make sense of our world (garfinkle)

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harold garfinkel

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breaching experiments, social interactions

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georg simmel

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established what today we refer to as formal sociology (pure numbers)

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jane addams

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established hull house

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feminist theory

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emphasize equality between men and women

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correlation

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things have to do with each other

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causality

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a change in one factor results in a change in another factor

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nonmaterial culture

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values, beliefs

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material culture

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cars books houses

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sapir-whorf

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in linguistics the language that we speak directly influences and reflects the way we think about and experience the world

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ideology

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system of concepts and relationships that attempt to understand cause and effect. (religion and science)

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cultural value

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moral belief, such as equal opportunity

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cultural relativity

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taking into account differences across cultures without passing judgement or assigning value (ruth benedict)

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margret mead

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wrote coming of age in samoa which has become part of the canon of anthropology and cultural studies

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hegemony

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refers to historical process where the dominant coup exercises moral and intellectual leadership throughout society by winning the voluntary consent of the people

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antonio gramsci

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hegemony is opposite of domination

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informed consent

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subjects have a right to decide if they want to participate in your study