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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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macrosociology
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how institutions, organizations, & whole societies are established, function & change - how they impact people within them
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microsociology
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how social relationships influence people's attitudes & behaviors
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sociology
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the scientific study of human social behavior & human groups
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what 4 main points does sociology focus on?
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1. social relationships influence peoples behavior
2. societies develop & change 3. study of social order & social change 4. search for social causation |
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culture
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totality of a group/society's material objects & nonmaterial shared language, knowledge, customs & beliefs
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ethnocentrism
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human inclimation to assume that one's own culture is the norm; our culture is the best
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cultural relativity
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viewing other people's cultural behaviors from their perspective; trying to understand another group
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material culture
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physiological & technological; things; physical things
ex: food, clothes, etc |
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non-material culture
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the way the material culture is used; behavior, norms, the way we communicate, whats acceptable
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subculture
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segment/part of society; shares distinctive values, beliefs, etc. that differ from the larger culture; accept larger cultures
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counter culture
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a subculture that purposely opposes some or all aspects of the larger culture
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latent vs. manifest functions
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latent- unintended
manifest- intended |
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more
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norm thats highly necessary for a society's well being; extremely important; high penalties when violated
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folkway
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norms governing everyday life; how we interact w/ people; not necessary, but make life pleasant
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social status
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the formal informal position we occupy in a group, organization or society
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social role
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behavior expected from people occupying a particular social status
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deviance
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behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group/ society; violating a norm til a negative sanction is imposed on the violator
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false consciousness
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beliefs the proletariot hold that actually harm their self- interest; bourgeoisie use these beliefs to oppress proletariot
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teacher expectancy effect
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impact that a teachers expectations about a student's performance may have on actual student's achievements
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hidden cirruculum
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standards of behavior deemed proper by society & that teachers subtly communicate to students
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social epidemiology
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the scientific study of the social causes & the distribution of disease, impairment, and health status in a population
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sick role
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attitudes/ behaviors society deems sick people should exhibit
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sacred
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things beyond everyday life that inspire awe, respect & fear
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profane
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the ordinary & commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred
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prevalence
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the total number of all cases of a specific disorder that exist at a given time
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power (weber)
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political-legal hierarchies; ability to exercise one's will over another
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prejudice
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a rigid & unfair attitude toward of category of people, or towards individuals members one presumes to belong to it
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gerontology
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the scientific & multidisciplinary study of aging
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5% of americans account for what % of medical costs
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50%
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reasons for european colonialism
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1. political- power & prestige for home country
2. sociopolitical - civilize natives; upgrade natives from "primitive" conditions 3. religious- christianize heathens 4. economic- home country economic development |
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aging
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no genes cause aging; senescence- molecular & cellular changes in the body, aka primary aging
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successful aging
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1. low risk of disease & disease - related disability
2. high mental and physical function 3. active engagement w/ life |
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selected original tenets of calvinism
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1. total inherant depravity- everyone is born morally corrupt
2. predestination- everyone is depraved so no one has capacity to choose God 3. irresistible grace- the elect have no choice |
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alienation
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a condition of estrangement or dissociation from the surrounding society
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anomie
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durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
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class
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a group of people who have a similar level of wealth & income
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colonialism
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the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a people by a foreign power for an extended period
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culture-bound syndrome
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a disease or illness that cant be understood apart from its specific social context
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dysfunction
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an element or process of a society that may disrupt the social system or reduce its stability
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extended family
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a family in which relatives (like grandparents, aunts, uncles) live in the same home as parents & their children
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nuclear family
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a married couple and their unmarried children living together
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group
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any number of people w/ similar norms, values, & expectations who interact w/ one another on a regular basis
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primary group
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a small group characterized by intimate, face to face association & cooperation
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seconardary group
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a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding
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minority group
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a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs
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sociological imagination
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an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today & in the past
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sanction
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a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
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ethnic group
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group of people set apart from others b/c of their national origin or distinctive cultural patterns or characteristics; a group w/ a common cultural tradition & a sense of identity which exists as a subgroup of larger society
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racial group
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group that's set apart from others b/c of obvious physical differences
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which ethnic group has experienced decreased average earnings over time?
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hispanics
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demographic transition
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the transition from high birth & death rates to low birth & death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
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formal norm
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a norm that has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators
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informal norm
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a norm that is generally understood but not precisely recorded
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demographic transition stages
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1. pre-transitional: high death rates, high birth rates, low natural pop increase
2. transitional: economic development improves (nutrition & health); sharp drop in death rate; birth rate stays same 3. developed societies/ post transitional: cultural mores change; urbanization changes large fams from assets to liabilities; birth control is an option financially, medically & attitudinally; birth rate decreases |
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selected tenets of protestantism
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each individual should study the bible; individual is responsible for own salvation; intermediary between person & God isnt necessary; everyone should be like a monk
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bureaucracy
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a component of formal organization that uses rules & hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency
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5 basic characteristics of idea bureaucracy
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1. division of labor
2. hierarchy of authority 3. written rules & regulations 4. impersonality 5. employment based on technical qualifications |
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examples of micro & macro sociology
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micro: small groups such as divorced men & women; teacher's expectations affecting a student's performance, etc; social statuses & social roles
macro: entire civilizations; groups & institutions |
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norms
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established standards of behavior maintained by a society
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examples of norms, folkways & mores
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norm: in movie theaters, we typically expect people to be quiet during the movie
folkway: walking up a down escalator in the mall mores: murder, treason, child abuse |
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law
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formal norm enforced by the state
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examples of racial & ethnic groups
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racial: whites, blacks & asians
ethnic: puerto ricans, jews, polish americans |
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deviance
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exhibiting behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
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innovation
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the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture thru discovery or invention
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conformity
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going along with peers- individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior
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examples of culture-bound syndromes
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anorexia nervosa, brain fog, etc
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class system
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a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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women's earnings vs. men's earnings
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-women earned 24% less than men
-in 1979, women earned 37% less than men -black women earn 15% less -hispanic women earn 13% less -white women earn 25% less |
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what's the importance of deviance in society?
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-labeling certain acts as deviant defines what isnt deviant
-punishment reaffirms society's values -internal challenges are most threatening -deviance is a positive function b/c it defines/ reaffirms social boundaries -eliminating all deviance is impossible & dysfunctional, instead it must be kept w/in acceptable limits |
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anne hutchinson
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-heretic (preaching false doctrine)
-traducer of the ministers (sedition) -acting as a minister -being a woman |
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domestic violence
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-social problem (undesirable condition in someone's life)
-90% = men -> women -leading cause of injury / death in women 15-44 -50% of murdered women are killed by their male partners -1 in 8 cohabitant women battered by male partner at least once/yr |
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max weber's view of stratification & social class
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1. class - economic hierarchy
-wealth & income -similar economic interests -similar life changes (buying power) 2. status -prestige & honor that's independent of class position 3. power- ability to exercise one's will over another |
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ingredients in ses
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1. education in years
2. annual income 3. occupational prestige |
