Sociology Final Exam Flashcards

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A "social order" is a relatively stable system of institutions, patterns of interactions and customs, capable of continually reproducing at least those conditions essential for its own existence. The concept refers to all those facts of society which remain relatively constant over time. These conditions could include both property, exchange and power relations, but also cultural forms, communication relations and ideological systems of values.

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Social Order

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shared generalized standards of behavior and beliefs within a culture or society

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Values

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shared standards of accepted behavior, which provide guidelines to the individual in specific social situations (how we should or ought to act). Norms are derived from the more general values.

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Norms

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VOLUNTARY POSITIONS
*OFTEN THE TWO TYPES WORK TOGETHER, WHAT WE ARE ASCRIBED OFTEN HELPS US ACHIEVE OTHER STATUSES

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Achieved Status

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Involuntary Positions

OFTEN THE TWO TYPES WORK TOGETHER, WHAT WE ARE ASCRIBED OFTEN HELPS US ACHIEVE OTHER STATUSES

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Ascribed Status

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A STATUS WHICH OVERRIDES ALL OTHER STATUSES

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Master Status

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A recognized social position that an individual occupies

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Status

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INVOLVES TWO OR MORE STATUSES
EXAMPLE: CONFLICT BETWEEN ROLE EXPECTATIONS OF A POLICE OFFICER WHO CATCHES HER OWN SON USING DRUGS AT HOME – MOTHER AND POLICE OFFICER

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Role Conflict

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INVOLVES A SINGLE STATUS
EXAMPLE: MANAGER WHO TRIES TO BALANCE CONCERN FOR WORKERS WITH TASK REQUIREMENTS – OFFICE MANAGER

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Role Strain

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THE BEHAVIOR EXPECTED OF SOMEONE WHO FILLS A PARTICULAR STATUS

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Role

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The values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that constitute a people's way of life

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Culture

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The compatibility of the material and non-material aspects of a society's culture

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Cultural Integration

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The belief that one's own culture is superior and correct

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Ethnocentrism

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The belief that all cultures must be evaluated on their own terms

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Cultural Relativism

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a LIFELONG PROCESS by which individuals learn the roles they are to play in their culture.

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Socialization

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the hierarchical arrangement of social classes, castes, and divisions within a society

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Social Stratification

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How is social stratification changing in the United States?

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-Right now white anglo-saxons are the majority but will eventually become the minority
-Despite numbers of poor people in minorities, whites have the largest percentage of poor or below poverty level... whites net worth still is the highest... this is all because most of the people in the US are white

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How does stratification in the U.S. compare with stratification in other countries?)

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The US has more high income groups than low income groups compared to other countries.

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Payment, usually derived from wages, salaries, or investments

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Income

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Money and material possessions held by an individual or group

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Wealth

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Differences in human physical characteristics used to categorize large numbers of individuals

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Race

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Cultural values and norms that distinguish the members of a given group from others (ex: Hispanics/Latinos are not a race but an ethnicity

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Ethnicity

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an instance of lack of equality; specif.,

1. a difference or variation in size, amount, rank, quality, social position, etc.
2. an unevenness in surface; lack of levelness
3. a lack of proper proportion; unequal distribution

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Inequality

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Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the behavior of a set of individuals. Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions, and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior.

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Social Institution

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Working against cultural/societal norms. This can be done ethically or unethically.

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Deviance

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Example: During Hurricane Katrina on two separate occasions 2 men were found breaking into grocery stores to get food for their family. The white man was said to have "FOUND" bread... the black man was said to have "looted" a grocery store.

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Social Construction of Deviance and Crime

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Criminal Activities carried out by those in professional or white collar jobs

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White Collar Crime

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Views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls taht deter it. Control theorists hold that criminals are rational being who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls.

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Social Control

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US Population?

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77 million

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World Population?

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6.6 billion

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Causes and consequences in growth

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Demography

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Population Growth Trends

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Poor nations cause huge boom in world's population

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Chinese Government promoted single-child families through beter housing and free health care and education... the more children a family has the more hardships will be inflicted such as wage cuts. Many families end up killing their female infants because of this.

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China's population growth policy

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Incidence of Childbearing in a society's population

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Fertility

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The incidence of death in a population

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Mortality

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Movement into a territory

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Immigration

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Movement out of a territory

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Emigration

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A theoretical perspective based on the notion taht social evens can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform-- that is, the contributions they make to he continuity of a society.

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Structural Functionalism

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Argument that deviance is deliberately chose and often political in nature.

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Conflict Theory

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A theoretical approach in sociology developed by Mead which emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction.

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Symbolic Interactionalism

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An interpretation of population change, which holds that a stable ration of births to deaths is achieved once a certain level of economic prosperity has been reached.

-According to this notion, in preindustrial societies there is a rough balance between births and deaths, because population increase is kept in check by lack of available food, by disease or by war. In modern societies, by contrast, population equilibrium is achieved because families are moved by economic incentives to limit the number of children.

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Demographic Transition