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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tracking
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the practice of placing students in specific curriculm groups on the basis of thier test scores and other criteria
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teacher-expectancy effect
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the impact that a teacher's expectations about a student's performance may have on the student's actual achievements
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secularization
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the process through which religion's influence on other social institutions diminishes
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sect
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a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it considers the original vision of faith
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sacred
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elements beyond everyday life that inpsire awe, respect, and even fear
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religious ritual
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a practice required or expected of members of a faith
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religious experience
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the feeling or perception of being in direct contact with the ultimate reality, such as a divine being, or of being overcome with religious emotion
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religious belief
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a statement to which members of a particular religion adhere
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religion
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a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things
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protestant ethic
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Max Weber's term for the discplined work ethic, this worldly concerns, and rational orientation to life emphasized by John Calvin and his followers
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Profane
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the ordinary and commonplace elements of life, as distinguished from the sacred
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new religious movement (nrm) or cult
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a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith
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liberation theology
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use of a church, primariily Roman Catholicism, in a political effort to eliminate poverty, discrimination, and other forms of injustice from a secular society
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hidden curriculum
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standards of behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schools
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established sect
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a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society
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education
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a formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner
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ecclesia
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a religious organization that claims to include most or all members of a society, and is recognized as the national or official religion
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denomination
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a large, organized religion that claims to include most or all members of a society, and is recognized as the national or offical religion
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cultural universal
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a common practice or belief found in every culture
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credentialism
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an increase in the lowest level of education needed to enter a field
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creationism
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a literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be presented as established scientific fact
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correspondence principle
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the tendency of schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class an dto prepare students for the type of job typically held by members of their class
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single-parent family
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a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children
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serial monogomy
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a form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetiem, but only one spouse at a time
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polygyny
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a form of polygamy in which a man may have more than one wife at the same time
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polygamy
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a form of marriage in which an individual may have several husbands or wives simultaneously
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polyandry
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a form of polygamy in which a woman may have more than one husband at the same time
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patrilineal descent
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a kinship system in which only the relatives of the father are significant
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patriarchy
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a society in which men dominate in family decision making
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nuclear family
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a married couple and thier unmarried children living together
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monogamy
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a form of marriage in which one woman and one man are married only to each other
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matrilineal descent
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a kinship system in which only the relatives of the mother are significant
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matriarchy
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a society in which womeen dominate in family decision making
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machismo
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a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness
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kinship
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the state of being related to others
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incest taboo
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the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives
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family
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a set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption, who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society
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familism
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pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family
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extended family
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a family in which relatives live in the same home as parents and thier children
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exogamy
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the requirement that people select a mate outside certain groups
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endogamy
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the restriction of mate selection to people within the same group
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egalitarian family
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an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals
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domestic partnership
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2 unrelated adults who share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities
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cohabitation
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the practice of living together as a male-female couple without marrying
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bilateral descent
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a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important
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adoption
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in a legal sense, a process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, reponsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents
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sexual harrassment
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behavior that occurs when owrk benefits are made contigent on sexual favors, or when touching, lewd comments, or the exhibition of pornographic material creates a "hostile environment"
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sexism
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the ideology that one sex is superior to the other
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second shift
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the double burden that many women face and few men share equitably
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instrumentality
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an emphasis on tasks, a focus on more distant goals, and a concern for the external relationship between one's family and other social institutions
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homophobia
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fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
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glass ceiling
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an invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity
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gerontology
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the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged
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gender role
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expectations regarding the proper behaivior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
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expressiveness
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concern for the maintenance of harmony and the internal emotional affairs of the family
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disengagement theory
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a functionalist theory of aging that implicitly suggests that society and the aging individual mutually sever many of their relationship
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ageism
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prejudice and discrimination based on a person's age
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activity theory
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an interactionalist theory of aging that suggests that elderly people who remain active and socially involved will be best-adjusted
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symbolic ethnicity
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an ethnic identity that empasizes concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
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stereotype
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an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group
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segregation
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the physical seperation of 2 groups of people in terms of residence, workplace, and social events; often imposed on a minority group or by a dominant group
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racism
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the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
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racial profiling
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any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a person's behavior
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racial group
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a group that is set apart from others because of obvious physical differences
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prejudice
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a negaitive attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
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pluralism
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mutual respect for one another's cultures among the various groups in a society, which allows minorities to express their own cultures without experiencing prejudice
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nisei
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children born in the US to the Issei
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model / ideal minority
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a minority group that despite past prejudice and discrimination, succeeds economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to confrontation with Whites
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minority group
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a subordinate group whose members have significantly less control of power over thier own lives than the members of a dominant or majority group have over theirs
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Issei
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Japanese immigrants to the US
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Institutional discrimination
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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society
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genocide
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the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation
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explotation theory
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a Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the US as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism
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ethnocentrism
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the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
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ethnic group
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a group that is set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
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discrimination
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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons
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contact hypothesis
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an interactionist perspective which states that in cooperative circumstances, interracial contact between people of equal statu will reduce prejudice
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black power
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a political philosophy promoted by many younger Blacks in the 1960s that supported the creation of Black- controlled political and economic institutions
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assimilation
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the process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradtition to become part of a different culture
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apartheid
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a former policy of the South African government, designed to maintain the seperation of Blacks and other non-Whites from the dominant Whites
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anti-Semitism
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anti-Jewish prejudice
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amalgamation
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the process through which a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group
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affirmative action
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positive efforts to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities
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world systems analysis
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a view of the global economic system as one divided between certain indutrialized nations that control wealthh and developing countires that are controlled and exploited
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wealth
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an inclusive term encompassing all a person's material asserts, including land, stocks, and other typles of properties
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vertical mobility
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the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
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underclass
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the long-term poor who lack training and skills
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stratification
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a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
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status group
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people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, independent of their class positions
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social mobility
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movement in individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
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social inequality
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a condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige or power
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slavery
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a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
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remittances
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the monies that immigrants return to their families of origion. also called migradollars
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relative poverty
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a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever thier lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole
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proletariat
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Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society
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prestige
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the respect and admiration thah tan occupation holds in a society
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power
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the ability to exercise one's will over others
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open system
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a social system in which the position of each individual is influcenced by his or her achieved status
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objective method
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a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence
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neocolonialism
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continuing dependence of former colonies on foriegn countries
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multinational corporation
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a commercial organization that is headquartered in one country but does business throughout the world
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life chances
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the opportunities people have to provide themselves with matieral goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
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intragenerational mobility
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changes in social position within a person's adult life
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intergenerational mobility
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changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
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income
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salaries and wages
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horizontal mobility
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the movement of an individual form one social position to another of the same rank
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globalization
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the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and theh exchange of ideas
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false consciousness
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a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
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esteem
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the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation
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estate system
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a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange of military protection and other services
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dominant ideology
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a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
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dependency theory
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an approach to stratificaion that contends that industrialized nations continue to exploit developing countries for their own gain
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corporate welfare
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tax breaks, direct payments, and grants that the government makes to corporations
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colonialism
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the maintenance of political, social , economic, and cultural dominance over a people by foreign power for an extended period
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closed system
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a social ranking based primarliy on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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class consciousness
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in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change
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class
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a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
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caste
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a herditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile
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capitalism
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an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity in the accumulation of profits
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bourgeoisie
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Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production
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borderlands
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the area of common culture along the border between Mexico and the US
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ascribed status
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a social position assigned to a person by socity without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics
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achieved status
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a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
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absolute poverty
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a minimum level of subsistence that no fmaily should be expected to live below
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white-collar crime
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illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectabel" individuals in the course of business activities
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victimless crime
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a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
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victimization survey
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a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victimes of crime
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stigma
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a label used to devalue members of certain social groups
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societal-reaction approach
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another name for labeling theory
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social control
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the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
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social contructionalist perspective
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an approach to deviance that emphasizes the role of culture in the creation of the deviant identity
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sanction
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a penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
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routine activities theory
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the notion that criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge
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professional criminal
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a perosn who pursus crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals
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organized crime
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the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal smuggling and sale of illegal drugs
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obedience
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compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchial structure
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law
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governmental social control
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labeling theory
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an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while other engaged in the same behavior are not
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informal social control
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social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule
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formal social control
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social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employees
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differential assoiciation
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a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
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deviance
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behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
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cultural transmission
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a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions
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crime
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a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authroity applies formal penalties
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control theory
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a view of confomity and deviance that suggests that our connection to memebers of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms
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conformity
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going along with peers
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anomie theory of deviance
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Robert Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both
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anomie
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Durkheim's term for the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective
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survelliance function
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the collection and distribution of information concerning events in the social environment
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opinion leader
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somone who influences the opions and decision of other through day-to-day personal contacts and communication
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narcotizing dysfunction
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the phenonmenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of information that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information
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mass media
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print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences
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mass media
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print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences
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