Sociology Final

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capitalism

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an economic system in which the raw material and means of producing and distributing goods are privately owned

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economic systems

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the social institutions that coordinate human activity to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services

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goods

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any products that are extracted from the earth, manufactured or grown

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services

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activities performed for others that result in no tangible product

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socialism

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an economic system in which raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are collectively owned (public ownership)

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welfare state

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a term that applies to an economic system that is a hybrid of capitalism and socialism

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primary sector

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economic activities that generate or extract raw materials from the natural environment

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secondary sector

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economic activities that transform raw materials from the primary sector into manufactured goods

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tertiary sector

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economic activities related to delivering services, and to creating and distributing information

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externality costs

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hidden costs of using, making or disposing of a product that are not figured into the price of the product or paid for by the producer

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authority

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legitimate power or power that people believe is just and proper

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charismatic authority

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legitimate power that is grounded in exceptional and exemplary personal qualities

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legal-rational authority

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legitimate form of power that derives from a system of impersonal and formal rules that specify the qualifications for occupying an administrative or judicial position

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lobbyists

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people whose job it is to solicit and persuade state and federal legislators to create legislation and vote for bills that favor the interests of the group they represent

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political action committees

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special interest groups that raise money to be donated to the political candidates who seem to support their needs and interests

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political systems

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the institution that regulates the access to and the use of power that is essential to articulating and realizing the individual, local, regional, national, international or global interests and agendas

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power

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the probability that an individual can achieve his or her will even against opposition

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power elite

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those few pople who occupy such lofty positions in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions affect millions

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special interest groups

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groups consisting of people who share an interest in a particular economic, political or other social issue and who form an organization to influence public opinion or govt. policy

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traditional authority

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a form of power grounded in the sanctity of time honored norms that govern how someone comes to hold a powerful position

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authoritarian

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form of govt. in which no separation of power exists; a single person, a group, or a social class hold all the power

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government

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the organizational structure that directs and coordinates people's involvement in the political activities of a country/territory

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monarchy

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a form of govt. in which the power is in the hands of a leader who reigns over a state or territory

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representative democracy

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a form of govt. in which power is vested in citizens who vote into office

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theocracy

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a form of govt. in which political authority rests in the hands of the religious leaders

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totalitarianism

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a form of govt. characerize by a single ruling party led by a dictator, an unchallenged official ideology, a system of social control and centralized control over the media/economy

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empire

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a group of countries under the direct or indirect control of a foreign power or govt.

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hegemony

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a process by which a power maintains its dominance over foreign entities

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imperialistic power

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a power that exerts control and influence over foreign entities either through military force or through political policies and economic pressure

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militaristic power

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a political entity that believes military strength and the willingness to use it is the source of national and global security

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military-industrial complex

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a relationship between those who declare, fund and manage wars and corporations that make the equipment and supplies needed to wage war

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core economies

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the wealthiest, most highly diversified economies in the world with strong stable governments

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global interdependence

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a situation in which human interactions and relationships transcend national borders and in which social problems within any one country are shaped by events taking place outside the country

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globalization

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the ever-increasing flow of goods, services, money, people, technology and other cultural items across political borders

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peripheral economies

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economies built around a few commodities or even a single commodity, like coffee

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semiperipheral economies

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economies characterized by moderate wealth but extreme inequality and moderatel diverse sustem of production and consumption

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endogamy

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norms requiring or encouraging people to choose a partner form the ame social category as their own

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exogamy

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norms requiring or encouraging people to choose a partner form a social category other than their own

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family

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a social institution that binds people together from though blood, marriage, law and/or social norms

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aging population

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a society in which the percentage of the population that is over 65 is increasing

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total fertility

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the average nu ber of children that a woman bears

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sexual stratification

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the system societies use ot rank males, females and those who do not fit into the binary age cohorts scheme on a scale of social worth such that the ranking affects life chances in unequal ways

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generation

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a cohort composed of people who are born at a particular time in history and are separate from other categories by time

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caregiver burden

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the situation in which caregivers believe their emotional balance, physical health, social life and financial status suffer because of their caregiver role

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caregivers

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those who provide service to people who, because of physical impairment, a chronic condition or cognitive impairment cannot do certain activities without help

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disability

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a state of being that society has imposed on those with certain impairments because of how inventions have been designed and social activities have been organized to exclude the impaired

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formal care

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caregiving provided by credentialed professionals

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impairment

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a physical or mental condition that interferes with someone's ability to perform a major life activity

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informal care

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caregiving that family members, neighbors and friends provide

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tyranny of the normal

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a point of view that measures differences against what is thought to be normal and that asumes those with impairments fall short

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sociological ambivalence

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simultaneous positive and negative feelings toward a person or situation arising out of socially sanctioned inequalities that generate conflict/tension in relationships

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credential society

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a situation in which employers use educational credentials as screening devices for sorting through a pool of largely anonymous applicants

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education

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any experiences that train, discipline, and shape the mental and physical potentials of a maturing person

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formal education

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a deliberate, planned effort to impart specific skills or information

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informal education

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a spontaneous, unplanned way of learning

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schooling

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a program o formal, systematic instruction that takes place primarily in classrooms

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curriculum

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the subject content, assessment methods, and activities involved in teaching and learning for a specific course, grade, gpa

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formal curriculum

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the content of the various academic subjects

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hidden curriculum

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the teaching method, type of assignments, kind of tests, tone of the teacher's voice convey the value of the subject and values of society

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tracking

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also knowna s ability grouping, a sifting and sorting mechanism by which student are assigned to separate institutional groups with in a single classroom

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adolescent status system

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a classification system in which participation in some activities results in popularity, respect, acceptance and praise and participation in other activities isolation, ridicule and disrespect

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false consciousness

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with regard to religion, a point of view in which oppressed individuals or groups accept the economic, political and social arrangements that constrain their chances in life because they are promised compensation for their suffering in the next world.

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predestination

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the belief that god has foreordained all things, including the salvation or damnation of individual souls

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profane

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everything that is not considered sacred, including things opposed to the sacred and things that stand apart from the sacred

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this-worldly asceticism

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a belief that people are instruments of divine will and that god determines and directs their activities

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civil religion

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an institutionalized set of beliefs about a nation's past, present, future and a corresponding set of rituals

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fundamentalism

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a belief in the timelessness of sacre writings and a belief that such writings apply to all kinds of environments

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secularization

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a process by which religious influences on thought and behavior are gradually removed or reduced

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cultural capital

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a person's nonmaterial resources, including educational credentials, the kinds of knowledge acquired,

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economic capital

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a person's material resources

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habitus

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a frame of mind that has internalized the objective reality of society. this objective reality becomes the mental filter that structures people's perceptions, experiences, responses and actions. it is through the habitus that the social world is understood

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social reproduction

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the perpetuation of unequal relations such that almost everyone, view inequality as normal and legitimate

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hydrocarbon society

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a society in which the use of fossil fuels shapes virtually every aspect of people's personal and social lives

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information explosion

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an unprecedented increase in the amount of stored and transmitted data and messages in all media

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planned obsolescence

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a strategy of producing goods such that they are disposable after a single use or short time

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social change

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any significant alteration, modification or transformation in the way social activities and human relationships are organized

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agrarian society

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a society that emerged with the invention of the plow, triggering a revolution in agriculture

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carbon footprint

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the impact a person makes on the environment bc of lifestyle

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horticulture society

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society organized around the use of hand tools to work the soil , grow crops rather than gather food and move on when land is exhausted

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industrial societies

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societies that rely on mechanization or on externally powered machines to subsist

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pastoral societies

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societies that rely on domesticated herd animals to subsist

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post-industrial societies

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societies that rely on intellectual technologies of telecommunications and computers

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subsist

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to meet basic needs for human survival

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surplus wealth

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a situation in which the amount of available food items and other product exceeds that which is required to subsist

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crude rate

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the annual number of incidents/1000

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demographic gap

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the difference between the birth and death rates

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demographic trap

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the point at which population growth overwhelms the environments's carrying capacity

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migration

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the movement of people from one country to another

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mortality crisis

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violent fluctuation in the death rate by war, famine or epidemics

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over-urbanization

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a situation in which urban misery is exacerbated by an influx of unskilled, illiterate and poverty-stricken rural migrants

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positive checks

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events that increase deaths

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theory of the demographic transition

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a theoretical perspective that postulates that a country's birth and death rates are linked to its level of industrial or economic development

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objective deprivation

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a state of being characteristic of those whoa re the worst off or most disadvantaged

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relative deprivation

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a social condition that is measured not by objective standars but by comparing one group's situation to another

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social movement

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a phenomenon in which a substantial number of people organize to make a change, resist change or undo change

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treadmill of production

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a term used to describe the ceaseless increases in production and by extension, consumption that are needed to sustain the global economy's success which is measured by increased profits

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environmental injustice

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unequal exposure to environmental hazards based on race or socioeconomic status

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anthropocentric

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a point of view that puts humans at the center of analysis and excludes animals and their realities from serious consideration

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instinct

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behavior that is not learned by part of one's nature and elicited by reflex

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significant symbols

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gestures or sounds that must be interpreted before a response is made

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ethnographic methods

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a holistic means of studying people in the places/setting where they live or carry out the activities of interest

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corporate construction of childhood

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a term that refers to the reach, power and influence of a smal number of corporations that sell and/or market most of the things children buy or want

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commercialization of childhood

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a process by which children are transformed into consumers beginning at birth