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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Mechanization (agricultural societies) |
The use of tools to accomplish tasks |
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Automation (industrialized societies) |
The use of self operating machines to produce goods |
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Cybernation (postindustrialized societies) |
Machines control machines |
Cybermen |
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Future Shock |
The confusion resulting from rapid scientific and technological changes that unravel our traditional values and beliefs |
Whiplash |
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Reflection theory |
Idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships into the public sphere |
Mirror mirror project for me unto the public |
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Who does Marx believe controls what media portrays? |
Owners of the means of production i.e. capitalists |
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Who does Weber believe controls what the media portrays? |
Power Elite |
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What is hegemony? |
Condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses |
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What is one major concern regarding media? |
The types of expectations it passes along to societies members |
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What is social interaction? |
What people do in the presence of one anoth |
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What is the social construction of reality? |
Process by which individuals creatively shape reality through social interaction |
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What is social status? |
Positions that an individual occupies. Established position in the social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige. |
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What are ascribed statuses? |
Positions and individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life. |
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What are achieved statuses? |
Positions that are earned, accomplished, or involve at least some effort or activity on the individual's part. |
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What is a status set? |
It refers to all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies at any given time. |
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What are roles? |
The behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status. |
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What is a role set? |
It refers to a number of roles attached to a single status. |
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What is role conflict? |
Results when there is conflict among roles corresponding to two or more different statues. |
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What is role strain? |
It refers to incompatibility among roles corresponding to a single status. |
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What is role exit? |
The process by which people disengage from important social roles. |
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Describe the social exchange model of interaction. |
It holds that our interactions are determined by the rewards and punishments that we receive from others. |
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What is game theory? |
A mathematical and economic theory that predicts human interaction has the characteristics of a game |
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What is dramaturgy? |
An analysis of how we present ourselves in everyday life. |
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What is presentation of self? |
An effort of an individual to create specific impressions in the minds of others |
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What is impression management? |
The person's efforts to manage the impressions that others have of her or him |
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What is role performance? |
The particular emphasis or interpretation that an individual gives a role he/she is fulfilling |
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What is tact? |
Helping someone save face following a bad performance |
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Name the four types of nonverbal communication |
Touch/tactile Paralinguistic Body language/Kinesic Proxemiz |
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What is Paralinguistic communication? |
The component of communication that is conveyed by the pitch and loudness of one's voice |
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What is proxemic communication? |
The meaning that is conveyed by the amount of space between individuals |
Proximity |
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What is ethnomethodology? |
Involves the discovery of rules concerning our views of the world and how people ought to act |
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Who founded the ethnomethodology approach |
Harold Garfinkel |
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What are the three main ways gender affects social interaction? |
Demeanor Use of personal space Staring, smiling, and touching |
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Define a social group |
Two or more people who identify and interact with one another |
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What are three aspects of a social group? |
•They interact and communicate with one another •share goals and norms •posses a subjective awareness of themselves as "we" |
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What is an aggregate? |
Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but do not have a sense of belonging together |
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What us a category? |
A collection of people who have similar characteristics |
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What are primary groups? |
Groups characterized by cooperative, intimate, long-term, face-to-face relationships |
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What are secondary groups? |
Large and impersonal social groups devoted to some specific interest or activity |
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What is the iron law of oligarchy? |
The way organizations come to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite |
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Who coined the term iron law of oligarchy? |
Robert Michels |
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Name the three types of groups |
•in groups •out groups •reference groups |
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Describe in groups |
Groups toward which individuals feel loyalty and command member's esteem and loyalty |
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Describe out-groups |
Groups toward which an individual feels antagonism, competition or opposition |
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What are reference groups? |
A social group that serves as a point of reference for people making evaluations or decisions |
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What are formal organizations? |
Large secondary groups that are organized to achieve goals efficiently |
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Name three types of organizations |
•Utilitarian •Normative • Coercive |
UNC |
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What are utilitarian organizations? |
People join in pursuit of material rewards |
Utilities |
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What are normative organizations? |
Voluntary associations in which people pursue goals they consider morally worthwhile |
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What are coercive organizations? |
Distinguished by voluntary membership |
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What are group dynamics? |
How individuals affect groups and groups affect individuals |
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What is group conformity? |
How groups influence the behavior of their members |
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What did Irving Janis coin for situations in which a group of people think alike and any suggestion of alternatives become a sign of disloyalty? |
Groupthink |
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Who are defined as someone who influences the behavior of others? |
Group leaders |
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What are the two types of group leaders? |
• Instrumental • Expressive |
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What are instrumental group leaders? |
Task oriented leaders who try to keep the group moving toward it's goal |
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What are expressive group leaders? |
Socioemotional leaders who are less likely to be recognized as leaders but help with the group's morale |
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What are the three leadership styles? |
•authoritarian •democratic •laissez-faire |
• authority • "lazy" |
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Define diffusion of responsibility. |
Larger groups break into smaller groups making people less willing to take individual responsibility |
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What is socialization? |
The lifelong social experiences by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture; it is the process by which we learn the ways of our society |
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Name the four consequences of socialization. |
•establishes self-concepts •creates the capacity for role taking • creates the tendency for people to act in socially acceptable ways • makes people bearers of culture |
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Who coined the term "looking-glass self"? |
Charles H. Cooley |
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What are the three steps to the looking-glass self? |
• we imagine how we look to others •we interpret others' reactions •we develop a self-concept |
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What are the four ways Mead think the self develops? |
•imitation •play •games •acquisition of the generalized other |
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Which three elements did Freud proposed the personality consists of? |
• Id •ego •superego |
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What is the id? |
Inherited self gratification. |
I'd like that |
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What is the ego? |
A person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure - seeking drives with the demands of society |
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What is the superego? |
The operation of culture within the individual |
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What is social learning theory? |
Formation of identity is a learned response from social stimuli |
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What are the three agents of socialization? |
•the family •school and peers •mass media |
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What is anticipatory socialization? |
The process of social learning directed toward gaining a desired position and commonly occurs among peers |
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What is resocialization? |
The process of learning new norms, values, attitudes and behaviors and involves radically altering an in mate's personality through deliberate control of the environment |
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What are the two extreme types of resocialization? |
•Conversion • brainwashing |
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What is conversion? |
A far reaching transformation of identity, often religious or political belief |
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Who first coined the term total institution? |
Erving Goffman |
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What is a total institution? |
A place cut off from the rest of society and is under almost total control of agents who work for the institution |
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What is social differentiation? |
Process by which different statuses develop in any group, organization, or society. |
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What is social stratification? |
A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. |
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What are the four principles for social stratification? |
• a trait of society • persists over generations • universal but variable • not just inequality but beliefs |
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What is social class? |
Defined as a large group of people who rank close to each other in wealth, power, and prestige. |
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What is power? |
The ability to carry out your will despite resistance. |
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What is prestige? |
The respect or regard people give to various occupations and accomplishments |
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What are the four basic types of social mobility? |
•intergenerational •intragenerational •structural •exchange |
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What is intergenerational mobility? |
The change from family members make in their social class from one generation to the next |
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Define intragenerational mobility. |
Class change within one generation |
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What is structural mobility? |
Social changes that affect large numbers of people |
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Define exchange mobility. |
The movement of people up and down the social class system where, on balance, the system remains the same |
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What is relative poverty? |
The deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more |
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What is absolute poverty? |
Deprivation of resources that is lifethreatening |
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What four ways does caste systems shape people's lives. |
• largely determines occupation • mandate endogmy • powerful cultural beliefs •limit out group social contacts |
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What are capitalists? |
People who own factories and other productive businesses |
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What are proletarians? |
Sell their productive labor to the capitalists |
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What are the consequences of global stratification? |
• population • health • education and illiteracy • war and terrorism • world poverty |
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What is the theory of colonialism? |
Focuses on the nation's that industrialized first got the jump on the rest of the world |
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What is the modernization theory? |
Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences among nations. |
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Define Dependency Theory |
Model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of historical exploitation of poor societies by rich ones. |
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