Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Macionis definition of Social Stratification
|
A system by which society ranks categories in a hierarchy
|
|
Newman's definition of Social Stratification
|
Structured inequality
|
|
Principles of Social Stratification (Macionis)
|
1. Trait of society, not individual differences
2. Carries over from generation to generation 3. Universal, but variable (some things are more unequal in certain cultures) 4. Not just inequality but beliefs as well (why people are unequal) |
|
Social Mobility
|
A change in position within the social hierarchy
|
|
Closed VS. Open Stratification System
|
Closed: No social mobility
-caste systems Open: Is social mobility -class systems |
|
Caste System in traditional ____
|
India
|
|
Predictor in an open stratification system?
|
Where their parents are
|
|
Differentiation
|
Notices differences between people
(Brown vs Blue eyed kids story) |
|
Apartheid
|
(apart) Keep races separate
-Mandella overturned |
|
Stratification systems are ____ to change
|
Hard
|
|
Stratification systems are _____ supported by ideology that supports it
|
Always
|
|
Caste System
|
Social Stratification based on ascription, or birth
-Merit: loyalty |
|
Indias Caste System
|
4 Varnas - (castes)
-Everyone has a specific job -mary within same ranking (endogamous) -guides life by keeping them with "their own kind" -powerful cultural beliefs |
|
Class System
|
Social Stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
|
|
Meritocracy
|
Social stratification based on personal merit
-earned through job, achievement In pure met. (never existed), based off of ability and effort |
|
Status Consistency
|
degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
-HIGH in caste systems -If LOW, hard to tell status |
|
Primogeniture
|
required all land to pass through the oldest male son
|
|
Structural Social Mobility
|
A shift in the social position of a large group due to changes in society
|
|
Ideology
|
Cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality
-Plato: parts of inequality are fair -Historical: changes with societies economy and tech. |
|
Davis-Moore Thesis
|
Social Stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
-do things that no one else want to do -Draw talented people away from less talented jobs |
|
Capitalists
|
people who own and operate factories for profits
|
|
Proletarians
|
People who sell labor for wages
|
|
Alienation
|
Experience of isolation and misery because of powerlessness
|
|
Why no Marxist Revolution?
|
Why is capitalism still thriving.
1. A lot of people are involved -stocks 2. Higher living standard 3. More worker organizations 4. Greater legal protections |
|
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
|
A composite ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality
|
|
Conspicuous Consumption
|
Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
-nice cars |
|
Income
|
Earnings from work or investments
|
|
Wealth
|
Total value of assets minus debts
|
|
Absolute Poverty
|
Can't meet the basic needs of survival
-food, clothes |
|
Relative Poverty
|
The lack of resources compared to others that have more
-Inequality -Big problem for capitalist economies |
|
High-Prestige vs. Low-Prestige
|
High: A lot of time, experience and training
-typically men Low: Not a lot of experience, lower income |
|
John Kenneth Galbraith
|
The Affluent society
|
|
The Affluent Society
|
Our societies model = growth
-Hard to grow more in our society because we have everything we need -To grow, we create wants (created by advertising and planned obsolesce) -Money buys everything |
|
Obsolete
|
Planning for something to become useless very soon
|
|
Oliver James
|
The modern form of Affluent society : Affluenza
|
|
Afflunza
|
Modern day Affluent Society
-High level of emotional distress in wealthy countries -Expected to find them happy -Anxiety, eating disorders -"A rich man's worry" |
|
The Original Affluent Society
|
-Hunters and Gatherers
-Subsistence lifestyle -Do what they want -During hard times: Lay low, drink tea, no energy |
|
Hunting and Gathering Economies
|
-Do not recognize concept of poverty
-Not poor, free |
|
Poverty can only be recognized in a society where there is ______
|
Affluence
|
|
Distribution differences in income vs. wealth
|
Income: 5ths. Evenly
Wealth: Uneven. Top 5% accounts for whole populations wealth |
|
Life Chances
|
The opportunity one has to access societies resources
-Social class plays a huge role, rich have more access -Survive birth -Good school -Military -Divorce |
|
The Politics of stratification: Blame the Poor vs. Blame Society
|
Blame the poor - "culture of poverty" (Lewis)
-They are "different", dont have character -Can't defer gratification -Don't have values that we have Blame Society - structural (Wilson) -Perpetual -No jobs, natural disaster |
|
The Sociology of Stratification: Functionalism vs Conflict Theorists
|
Funct: Necessary
Conflict: Historical Advantage |
|
The Uses of Poverty
|
Herbert Gans
-Not for society as a whole, but for the "non-poor" -Funct. -Have to make some people desperate so they do the work that we aren't willing to do |
|
Upper-uppers vs Lower-uppers
|
Born vs Work for it
|
|
Intragenerational social mobility
|
Change in social position during a persons lifetime
|
|
Intergenerational social mobility
|
Change in social position in a child's life in relation to their parents
|
|
Global Stratification
|
Patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
|
|
High-Income Countries
|
The nations with highest overall standards of living
-67 countries, 23% of people -GDP greater than $12,000, 80% income -Capital-Intesive (factories, machines) -US, Canada,Mexico -47% of land area |
|
Middle-Income Countries
|
Average standard of living
-71 Countries, 57% of people -GDP Between $2,500 and $12,000, 19% of income -Panama, Eastern Europe, Peru, Brazil -35% of land area |
|
Low-Income Countries
|
Nations with a low standard of living
-56 countries, 20% of people -below $2,500 GDP, 2% of income -18% of land - hunger disease -Live in cities -Central, East Africa and Asia, Ethiopia, Bangladesh |
|
First-World
Second-World Third-World |
Most industrialized
Less industrialized Poor, nonindustrialized Negative: -product of Cold war policies -grouped too many countries in third-world countries |
|
Low, Middle, High - Income model advantages
|
-Focuses on economic rather than political systems
-Gives better picture of the relative economic development of various countries |
|
Chattel Slavery
|
1 person owns another
|
|
Child Slavery
|
Poor families let their children on the streets to do what they can to survive
|
|
Debt Bondage
|
Employers hold workers captive by paying them too little to meet their debts
|
|
Servile forms of Marriage
|
Another type of slavery
-against woman's will |
|
Human Trafficking
|
Movement of people for forced labor
|
|
6 Explanations of Global Poverty
|
1. Technology
-farming is necessary b/c no tech. 2. Population Growth -poorest countries have highest birth rates 3. Cultural Patterns -Poor societies are traditional, resist change, even for better 4. Social Stratification -Distribute wealth unequally 5. Gender Inequality -Keep women from holding jobs 6. Global Power Relationships -Some countries grow at expense of others |
|
Colonialism
|
The process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations
|
|
Neocolonialism
|
A new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corps.
|
|
Multinational Corporation
|
A large business that operates in many countries
|
|
Modernization theory
|
-Rostow
-A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations -Start at low level, get higher -Strucural-Functional -Tradition = greatest barrier for economic development -Problem: All countries should be on same level |
|
In the modernization theory, how do we reduce the birth rate?
|
Give woman an education
|
|
T/F: Half the worlds wealth is owned by 2% of population
|
True
|
|
T/F Gates and Buffet have more wealth than 34 poorest countries have combined
|
True
|
|
Highest vs Lowest GDP
|
Norway vs Niger
|
|
"Material World" - Peter Menzel
|
Asked people to bring belongings outside to compare people
|
|
US ranks ____ in infant mortality
|
29th
Ties with Poland |
|
US is a _____ economy
|
Post Industrial
12% manufacturing 2% agriculture |
|
Stages of Modernization
|
1. Traditional stage
-Honor the past, build lives around families, little freedom 2. Take off stage -Use talents and imagination to spark econ. growth, goods, more individualism 3. Drive to technological maturity -growth is widely accepted, absolute poverty greatly reduced, schooling 4. High mass consumption -higher living standards, "need" for expanding goods |
|
The Role of Rich Nations
|
1. Controlling population
-giving birth control 2. Increasing food production -Green Revolution 3. Introducing industrial technology -machinery 4. Providing Foreign Aid |
|
Dependency Theory
|
A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
-Social Conflict -All in a system together, each have own roles -Rich: consume Poor: provide -Better off in the past than now |
|
Wallerstein's Capitalist World Economy(dependency)
|
-Rich depend on poor
-Resources flow from periphery to core (poor to rich) (remaining: semiperiphery) -World economy only benefits rich HOW? 1. Narrow, export-oriented economies -poor develop few industries 2. Lack of industrial capacity -rich buy materials, then poor has to buy from them 3. Foreign Debt |
|
When the global economy is based in high-income countries ____ is involved.
|
Capitalism
-think poverty is inevitable. "natural process" |
|
The role of rich nations between modernization and dependency
|
M: Rich countries PRODUCE wealth though capital investment and technology
D: how countries DISTRIBUTE wealth, rich have overdeveloped them, and underdeveloped everyone else |
|
Unequal distribution of wealth?
|
-most people around world are better off in absolute terms
-M: government challenges this because they play such a huge role in economic growth -D: Poor countries doubt M theory, and want to place everything in Government control |
|
All countries contain ____ poverty, but low-income nations face _____ poverty.
|
Relative, Absolute
|
|
Structural-Functional Approach to Social Stratification
|
-Helps society operate
-Davis-Moore Thesis -Caste: rewarded for duties at birth -Class: unequal rewards attract ablest people |
|
Symbolic-Interaction Approach to Social Stratification
|
-Look for cues to social standing
-Conspicuous Consumption -Socialize with others of same class |
|
Social-Conflict Approach to Social Stratification
|
-Classes, benefitting some, hurting others
-Marx: capitalism puts econ. prod. under capitalists, exploit proletarians (sell wages) -Weber: 3 dimensions of class: economic class, social status, prestige or power, conflict is between these people in different positions on SES |
|
Timeline of Social Stratification
|
Hunting and Gathering
Horticultural and Pastoral Agrarian Industrial Postindustrial |
|
Gerhard Lenski
|
Advancing technology increases social stratification, (most intense in agrarian societies)
|
|
What reduces social stratification?
|
Industrialization
|
|
Social Stratification DIMENSIONS
|
Income
Wealth Power: income and wealth Prestige: status Family Ancestry: race, gender |
|
Upper Class
|
5% of population
upper-upper lower-upper (above $200,000) |
|
Middle Class
|
40-45% of population
upper: significant wealth attend college |
|
Working Class
|
30-35% of population
1/3 go to college |
|
Health is directly related to wealth
|
Yes
|
|
The government classifies ___ million people as poor
|
40 million
13.3% -49% are under 24 -70% white |
|
Englands "caste" system
|
-Middle Ages
-First Estate: Church leaders, power -Second Estate: rest of aristocracy, 5%, King and Queen -Primogeniture (all land to pass through son) -Third Estate: All others, commoners, worked land |
|
Kuznets Curve
|
-Simon Kuznets
-Countries already industrialized have less income inequality that farming nations -Compares countries at different levels, so cant tell us the future |
|
Feminization of Poverty
|
More and more women increasing proportion of poor
|
|
Lower Class
|
20% of population
-Lack financial security |