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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a multicultural society? |
Is a society that respects cultural diversity and promotes equality of different cultures. Multiculturalism is a condition in which ethnic groups exist separately and share equally in economic and political life. |
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What is deviance? |
Modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society. |
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What is ethnocentrism? |
The tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one's own culture, and thereby misrepresent then. / |
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What is culture? |
The values, norms, and material good characteristic of a given group. Like the concept of a society, the notion of culture is widely used in sociology and the other social sciences (particularly anthropology). Culture is one of a most distinctive properties of human social association.//WO culture we would have no language to express ourselves, no sense of self consciousness, ability to think severely limited. |
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What is structuration? |
Considered to be a double process because social structure patterns human activity and is created by it at the same time.//e theory of structuration is a social theory of the creation and reproduction of social systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents(see structure and agency), without giving primacy to either |
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What is social reproduction? |
The process of perpetuating values, norms, and social practices through socialization, which leads to structural continuity over time. |
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What is the socialization process? |
The socialization process through which children develop an awareness of social norms, values, and achieve a distinct sense of self. Although socialization processes are particularly significant in infancy and childhood, they continue to a degree throughout life. No individuals are immune from the reactions of others around them, which influence and modify their behavior are all phases of the life course. //Agents include family, mass media, peer relations, schools, social roles, and work. |
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What is a society? |
A group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity from other groups. Some societies, such as hunting and gathering societies are small, numbering no more than a dozen people. Others are large, numbering millions--modern Chinese society for instance, has a population of more than a billion people. |
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What are in __ groups primary and secondary groups? |
??? Reach chapter on social groups especially primary and secondary. |
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How do we describe a primary group? |
Groups that are characterized by intense emotional ties, face-to-face interactions, intimacy, and a strong enduring sense of commitment. EX: Family //Secondary are more large-scale and impersonal like work, schools, athletic clubs etc. |
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What does Impression Management mean? |
AKA "Striking a pose" preparing for the presentation of one's social role. EX: Dressing in a suit if a business man and acting on best behavior, dressing "sexy" if going to a club. |
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What does civil inattention mean? |
The process whereby individuals in the same physical setting glance at each other and quickly look aware to indicate awareness of each other but not intrusiveness. |
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Transformative leaders |
Transformative leadership challenges the status quoand is more future oriented. Transformational leadership focuses on motivating and engaging followers with a vision of the future. EX Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr. |
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Transactional leaders |
Transactional leadership works within set established goals and organizational boundaries. Transactional leadership emphasizes organization, performance evaluation and rewards, and is task- and outcome-oriented. EXMany high-level members of the military, CEOs of large international companies, and NFL coaches are known to be transactional leaders. Big corps like Hewlett-Packard, a company known for its extensive use of management by exception.
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What is differential association? |
An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime. |
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What is social identity? |
characteristics that are attributed to an individual by others /NOPE NOT FOLLOWING The ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us. EX nationality and religion etc... |
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What are networks? |
Sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other. EX friends,friends of friends, coworkers, being in a mailing list, fellow sorority members etc... |
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What is control theory? |
The theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity an controls that deter it. Control theorists hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls. //everyone would act like a criminal if there are no rules. |
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What is symbolic interaction? |
A theoretical approach in sociology developed by George Herbert Mead that emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction.//frees us from being limited in our experience to just what we see, hear, or feel. EX we associate the word tree to mean tree w/o seeing a tree. |
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What is rational choice approach/theory? |
The theory that an individual's behavior is purposive. Within the field of criminology, rational choice analysis argues that deviant behavior is a rational response to a specific social situation./self interest under existing conditions such as not marrying someone who can't support you. |
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What is functionalism? |
A theoretical perspective based on the notion that social events can best be explained in terms of the functions they perform-- that is, the contributions they make to the continuity of a society.//emphasizes large-scale structures of process. To study the function of a social activity is to study the contribution to society. Like a heart to the body in general. heart is vital to maintain body. religion helps a society exists and be healthy. |
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*What are manifest functions and latent functions? |
Manifest functions are those known to or intended by the participants in the social activity. Latent functions are the consequences of the actions which the participants are unaware. |
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What is an anomie? |
A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim that refers to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individuals' behavior. EX suicide.//no clear standards to guide behavior, under those circumstances people feel disoriented + anxious; heightens dispositions of suicide. |
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What are the biological views on deviance? |
A biological theory of deviance proposes that an individual deviates from social norms largely because of their biological makeup. The theory primarily pertains to formal deviance, using biological reasons to explain criminality, though it can certainly extend to informal deviance. Biological theories of deviance see crime and deviant behavior as a form of illness caused by pathological factors that are specific to certain types of individuals. They assume that some people are "born criminals" who are biologically different than non-criminals. The underlying logic is that these individuals have a mental and physical inferiority, which causes an inability to learn and follow the rules. This in turn leads to criminal behavior. |
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*What is primary deviation? |
According to Edwin Lemert, the actions that cause others to label one as a deviant. EX A child labeled a deviant will be viewed as such by teachers and prospective employers as untrustorthy. the child then relapses into further criminal behavior widening gap between himself and orthodox social conventions.//the initial act of transgression - act that goes against law is primary deviation. |
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*What is secondary deviation? |
According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviation, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly. |
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*What is conflict theory? |
Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature. //Rather than argue individuals choose to engage in deviant behavior in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system. //gay liberation or black power movement. |
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What is a sanction? |
A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.//reaction form other group meant to ensure a person or group complies with a given norm. positive=reward for conformity. negative=punishment for not conforming. |
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What is a subculture? |
Subcultures are smaller segments of society distinguished by unique patterns of behavior. Values and norms distinct from those of the majority, held by a group within a wider society. |
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What is the Broken Windows Theory? |
Target hardening and zero-tolerance policing are bases on the Broken Windows Theory which states any sign of social disorder in a community, like a broken car window, encourages more serious crime. A broken window is a sign no one cares so more acts of deviance continues as a response to this social decay and thus a spiral of crime and social decay erupts. |
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What is cultural conformity? |
Conformity refers to the adapting of an individual's behavior in response to a real or imagined external influence./Culture is the mechanism through which societies promote and achieve conformity of behavior, dress, language, expectations, and laws. Culture includes the collection of customs, attitudes, values and beliefs that characterizes one group of people and distinguishes them from other groups. Culture is passed from one generation to succeeding generations through immaterial culture, such as values, norms, language, rituals, and symbols, and material culture, such as objects, art, and institutions. Societies desire and work to achieve cultural conformity within their populations as a means of promoting harmony, diminishing social unrest, eliciting agreement and cooperation and ensuring the reproduction of cultural norms and values in the future. Conformity refers to a change in an individual's behavior made in response to a real or imagined external influence. The socialization process, in particular, creates conformity by conveying society's values, norms and laws to the individual. // culture tries to make others conform in two ways 1: norms of culture are instilled in childhood 2: through social control-as when one fails to abide by norms and is punished. like isolating a friend who did something wrong or receiving a parking ticket. |
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What is the usefulness of statistics in sociology? |
The mean is useful because it is based on the whole range of data provided. Mean can be misleading as one figure could bring up the worth of the entire picture, skewing the worth of the other figures. The mode doesn't take account the overall distribution of the data, the range it covers. The median doesn't give indication of actual range of data. Researchers will use standard deviation to calculate the degree of dispersal or range of a set of figures. |
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How are we creating a global culture? (Answer could use work)+ |
Globalization: The development of social and economic relationships stretching worldwide. In current times we are all influenced by organizations and social networks located thousands of miles away. (Tech like internet) also common global business practices create a common global culture. |
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How do we do research? |
Different research methods exist in sociology but the most common is fieldwork or participant observation (takes part in activities of study) and survey methods. It is useful to combine two or more methods for a single project.Pilot study in survey research is a trial run. Experiments-variables can be analysed in a controlled systematic way. Comparative research- compares one set of findings on one society with the same type of findings in other societies.* |
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*Ethnography |
First hand studies of people |
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What are bureaucracies? What are some issues? |
is the rule of officials. A type of org marked by clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full-time, salaried officials. Weber constructed the ideal type- a "pure type" made by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality. 1:clear-cut hierarchy 2: written rules govern conduct of officials at all levels 3: officials work full times and are salaried 4: separation between life ofofficial in and out of workplace. 5: no member owns material resource where they operate. formal relations-relations exist in groups and org laid down by norms rules or system of authority informal relations - relations exist in group and or developed on personal connection; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure. ISSUES in ideal type has little room for creativity or ideas to flow. cannot contact colleagues of same level so time consuming to contact higher ups and might reflect badly on employee for not knowing something. //Associated with inefficiency and wastefulness. |
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What is ethnomethodology? |
a method of sociological analysis that examines how individuals use everyday conversation and gestures to construct a common-sense view of the world. // The study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day-to-day social interactions. Ethomethodology is concerned with the "ethnomethods" by which people sustain meaningful interchanges with one and another.//cultural assumptions on meaning. if asked what does one mean by have a nice day we would feel frustrated and out of control of the situation. interactions would break down as the search for the answer tries to be found. |
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What are some general things about labeling theory? *be able to explain |
An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.//assumes no act is intrinsically criminal but may become so through formulation of laws and their interpretation by police, courts, and correctional institutions. EX smoking marijuana. interaction and reaction on nonsmokers to smokers define action as deviant or not. |
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What are the sociological reason in difference of crime and deviance? |
A crime is deviant behavior, differentiating from the norms and values determined by society, but not all deviant behavior is criminal such as dressing differently or not at all. Deviance is relative to society-drinking, homosexuality, being married to more than one person-bigamy are deviant in some but not others.Deviance lies not just in the behavior itself, but in the social responses of groups to behavior by others. //Crime is behavior which violates laws and to which governments can apply negative sanctions.crime exists because members of society find it very difficult to reach total agreement on rules of behavior;crime exists because members of society find it very difficult to reach total agreement on rules of behavior. |
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Karl Marx |
examined how industrialization had changed the structure of an entire society, transforming the relationships of individuals to their work and to each other from feudalism to capitalism. formed the materialist conception of history, stating social change is prompt primarily by economic influences. capitalism: economic system based on private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.// 1. main dynamic of modern development is the expansion of capitalism. rather than being cohesive, society is divided by class differences. 2 Marx believed that we must study the divisions within a society that are derived from economic inequalities of capitalism. |
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Max Weber |
change in world due to influences of largescales org, and the rise of organizational societies and bureaucratic organizations haf changed and transformed social life. bureaucracy -large scale or with specific functions staffed by official in hierarchy. enabled large orgs to run efficiently but problem for democratic participation.// 1. main dynamic of modernization is the rationalization of social and economic life. 2. focused on why western societies developed so differently from other societies. also emphasized the important of cultural ideas and values n social change. |
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Emeil Durkheim |
discussed how the historical changes wrought by industrialization and urbanization ha led to the increasing specificity of the roles individuals fulfilled, how this specialization functioned to benefit society as a whole. for society to function must work as whole-organic solidarity . aspects of social life can be study like an other fact scientifically -social facts. society // 1. Main dynamic of modern development us the division of labor (Ppl bcome dependent on eachother) as a basis for social cohesion and organic solidarity. 2. believed that sociology must study social facts as things, just as science would analyze the natural world. his study of suicide led him to stews the import influence social factors, qualities of a society external to the individual, on a person's actions. he argued that society exerts social constraint over our actions. anomie-feeling of aimlessness or despair. |
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W. E. B. Du Bois |
"double conciousness" way of talking about identity through lens of experience of AA. self identity is influenced by historical experience and social circumstances in the case of AA. |
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Harriet Martineau |
first woman sociologist. active in women's rights and to abolition of slavery. one must focus on all aspects of a society to study the society. family, political, women, blacks , religion all of itm |
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Michel Foucault |
philospher 20 cent. social theorist Question how __ express itself in society through institutions. how do we constitute madness?// empahsis on role of visibility and authoritym arch of rooms, top floor=boss floor. surveillance - supervision of activity. this case based on layout. 1. direct supervision of work of subordinates by superiors. ex. class room's order or arrangement. 2. subtler . keeping files, records etc. the timetables regulariza acivitiw across time and space. they efficiently distribute vdiedm |
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Goffman |
saw social life as a precarious balancing act, but he also studied those instances in which audiences segregation would not be maintained. conducted a study in asylum.where sleep, play, and workplace was one and removed private spheres. called it a total institution. came up with term Civil inattention . also social interaction- the process by which we act and react to those around us. need to study seemingly trivial instances |
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Look up the society of bands (tribes)* |
try to decipher hand writing |
