Sociology Exam 2 Sg

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a self fulfilling prophecy begins with

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assigning false definitions to a situation

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the Thomas theorem states

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if people find situations as real, they are real in their consequences

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AIDS researches believe it started as early as

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1930s in southeastern Cameroon

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impression management

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the dramaturgical model

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the dramaturgical model

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studies social interactions emphasizing the ways in which those involved work to create, maintain, dismantle, and present a shared understanding of reality

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sociologist associated with dramaturgical model of social interaction

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Erving Goffman

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front stage

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is area visible to audience, where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways.

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in back stage...?

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people let their guard down and do things that would be inappropriate or unexpected in a front-stage setting

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ethnomethodology focuses on

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how people make sense of everyday social activities and experiences

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only way to really penetrate reality is to

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disrupt expectations to get at structure and character of routine social interactions.

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Harold Garfunkel students relecutant to disrupt norm

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Related it to trust, the taken-for-granted assumption that in a given social encounter others hare the same expectations and definitions of the situation and that they will act to meet those expectations

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Reference group

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any group whose standards people take into account when evaluating something about themselves or others, whether it be personal achievements, aspirations for life, or individual circumstances

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normative reference group

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provide people with norms that they draw upon or consider when evaluating a behavior or course of action

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comparison reference group

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provide people with reference for judging fairness of situation, rationalizing or justifying their actions, or assessing adequacy of their performance

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ingroups

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group to which person identifies, belongs, admires, and/or feels loyalty

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outgroups

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any group to which a person does not belong

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phenomenology

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social construction of reality; analytical approach that focuses on the everyday world and how people actively produce and sustain meaning

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typifactory schemes

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systematic mental frameworks that allow people to place what they observe into pre-existing social categories with essential characteristics

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deviance

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any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged and/or condemned because it departs from the norms and expectations of some group

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norms

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rules and expectations for the way people are supposed to behave, feel, and appear in a particular social situation

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Durkheims perspective on deviance

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argued that ideas about what is deviant vary but that deviance is present in all societies; defined deviance as those acts that offend collective norms and expectations

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mechanisms of social

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control, strategies people use to encourage, often force, others to comply with social norms

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sanction

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reaction of approval or disapproval to behavior that conforms to or departs from group norms; formal sanctions, informal sanctions, positive sanctions, negative sanctions

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assumption underlying labeling theory

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Deviants are those whose behavior people have noticed, labeled as such, and to which they have applied sanctions

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white-collar crime

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consists of “crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations.”

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crime

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an act that breaks the law

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social stratification

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the systematic process of categorizing and ranking people on a scale of social worth such that one’s ranking affects life chances in unequal ways

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ascribed statuses

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social positions assigned on the basis of attributes people possess through no fault of their own, acquired at birth: skin shade, sex, hair color; develop over time: height or wrinkles; otherwise possessed through no personal effort: inherited wealth

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achieved statuse

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attained through some combination of choice, effort, ability; include earned wealth, income, occupation, and educational attainment

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caste system of social stratification

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people are categorized and ranked by characteristics over which they have no control and that they usually cannot change

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vertical mobility

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involves a change in a person’s social situation that involves a gain or loss in social status

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status symbols

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visible markers of economic and social position and rank

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status group

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an amorphous group of persons held together by virtue of a life-style that has come to be “expected of all those who wish to belong to the circle” and by the level of social esteem and honor others accord them

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the richest __ of people in world hold 40% of wealth

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1%

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absolute poverty

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a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without

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relative poverty

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measured not by some essential minimum but rather by comparing a particular situation against an average or advantaged situation

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richest 10% of people control __ of wealth

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85%

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poorest 50% of people control __ of wealth

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less than 1%

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social inequality, from functionalist perspective

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device by which societies ensure that they most functionally important occupations are filled by the best-qualified people

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demographic/social category w/ highest rate of poverty in US

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american indians

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concept of intersectionality helps us to see

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that race, class, gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, age, nationality, and disability status all interconnect

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privilege

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a special, often unearned, advantage or opportunity

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class systems of stratification

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defines people as rising and falling on the strength of their abilities

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factor contributing to economic mobility in US

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According to survey data, Americans rank “hard work” as number one factor contributing to upward economic mobility