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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is science?
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a logical system that develops knowledge form direct, systematic observation.
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what is empirical evidence?
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information we can verify with our sense.
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what does sociological investigations start with?
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1. apply the sociological perspective.
2. be curious and ask questions. |
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what is the four forms of truth?
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1. faith
2. wisdom of experts. 3. general agrement. 4. empirical evidence. |
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what are the three ways to do sociology?
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1. positive
2. interpretive. 3. critical. |
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what is positivist sociology?
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the study of society based on scientific observation of social behavior.
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what is a concept?
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a mental construct that represents some aspect of the world in a simplified form.
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what is a variable?
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a concept whose value changes from case to case.
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what is a measurement?
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a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case.
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what is operationalize a variable?
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specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable.
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what is reliability?
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consistency in measurement.
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what is validity?
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actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure.
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what is cause and effect?
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a relationship in which change in one variable(the independent variable) causes change in another (the dependent variable).
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what is independent variable?
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the variable that causes the change.
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what is dependent variable?
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the variable that changes.
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what is correlation?
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a relationship in which two (or more) variables changes together.
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what is spurious correlation?
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a apparent but false relationship between two (or more) variables that is caused by other variable.
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what is positivist sociology?
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1. concepts, variables, and measurements.
2. defining concepts. 3. reliability and validity. 4 relationships among the variables. |
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what is control?
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holding constant all variables except on in order to see clearly the effects of the variable.
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what is value-relevant
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topics that interest the scientist.
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what is value-free?
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controlling personal feelings and opinions in research
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what is objectivity?
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personal neutrality in conduction research.
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what is replication?
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repetition of research by other researchers.
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what is gynocentricity?
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seeing the world from a females perspective.
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what is interpretive sociology?
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the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.
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what is critical sociology?
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the study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
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what is gender?
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the personal traits and social positions that members of society attach to being female of male.
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what is research method?
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a systematic plan for ding research.
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what is experiment?
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a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.
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what is hypothesis?
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a statement of a possible relationship between two (or more) variables.
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what is Hawthorne effect?
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a change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied.
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what is survey?
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a research method in which subjects respond to series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in a interview.
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what is population?
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the people who are the focus of research.
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what is sample?
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a part of a population that represents the whole.
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what is a questionnaire?
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a series of written questions a researcher presents to subjects.
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what is interview?
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a series of questions a researcher asks respondents in person.
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what is participant observation?
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a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.
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what is inductive logical thought?
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reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory.
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what is deductive logical thought?
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reasoning that transforms general theory in specific hypotheses suitable for testing.
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