Sociology Ch. 1

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the systematic and scientific study of human behavior, social groups, and society

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sociology

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a vivid awareness of the relationship between the broader social forces and private (personal) experience

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sociological imagination

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recent research on american tv viewing:

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-average home has 2-3 tv's
-children watch as much as 40 hours a week
-adults spend 1/4-1/3 of their lives watching tv
-happy people watch less tv
-media decides what information is important
-most powerful social force in american society

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newer and more personalized information techniques (personal computers, cd-roms, fax machines, video games, handheld databanks, cellular phones, the internet, fiber optic communications, and interactive tv)

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technomedia

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when was the term sociology coined?

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19th century

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where was sociology founded?

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france

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driving force of sociology in europe?

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social upheaval linked to industrialization, urbanization, and immigration

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believed the scientific approach to problem solving could also be successfully applied to the study of society. coined the term sociology and wrote "positive philosohy". emphasized positivism.

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auguste comte

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comte identified 2 areas of study:

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-social statics
-social dynamics

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translated "positive philosophy" to english, introducing sociology to england. wrote "society in america". developed methods of social science.

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harriet martineau

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ideas reflect sociological thinking. declared that the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and other limited resources was due to social forces, specifically the exploitation of one social class by another. two social classes: haves and have nots. haves got power by deception, fraud, and violence. provided the foundation for the conflictperspective in sociology.

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karl marx

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concerned with social order. believed that social solidarity created social order. demonstrated that abstract sociological theories can be applied to a very real social problem. showed that suicide can be explained from a sociological viewpoint. linked suicide to social integration.

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emile durkheim

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practiced applied sociology and put sociological theory to work when she established hull house in chicago to aid the poor and homeless. earned a nobel prize.

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jane addams

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views social meaning as arising through the process of social interaction

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symbolic interactionist perspective

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focuses on the day to day interactions of individuals and groups in specific social situations

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microlevel analysis

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examines broader social structures and society as a whole; AKA interactionism

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macrolevel analysis

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views society as a system of interdependent and interrelated parts; AKA functionalist perspective or functionalism

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structural functionalist perspective

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anticipated or intended consequences of social institutions

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manifest functions

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unintended or unrecognized consequences of social institutions

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latent functions

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views society as composed of diverse groups with conflicting values and interests

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conflict perspective

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promoted the conflict perspective for analyzing the distribution of power and authority in the u.s.. approach focused on historical and structural analyses of class conflict and the uses of ideology for domination

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c. wright mills

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the interconnectedness among people around the world

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globalization

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objectively assessing ideas, statements, and information

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critical thinking

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asking questions and questioning answers

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sociological thinking

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forms of communication that transmit standardized messages to widespread audiences (e.g., newspapers, magazines, books, radio, tv, and movies)

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mass media

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the use of observation, comparison, experimentation, and the historical method to analyze society

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positivism

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a conceptual model or typology constructed from the direct observation of a number of specific cases and representing the essential qualities found in those cases

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ideal type

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the study of society in an effort to understand and explain the natural laws that govern its evolution

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pure sociology

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using sociological principles, social ideas, and ethical considerations to improve society

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applied sociology

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a viewpoint or particular way of looking at things

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theoretical perspectives

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a set of assumptions and ideas that guide research questions, methods of analysis and interpretation, and the development of theory

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paradigms

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uses the analogy of the theater to analyze social behavior

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dramaturgical analysis

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contends that people attach various labels to certain behaviors, individuals, and groups that become part of their social identity and shape others' attitudes about and responses to them

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labeling approach

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studies, analyzes, and explains social phenomena from a gender-focused perspective

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feminist theory