Sociology Ch 1+2

Front 1

Afrocentrism

Back 1

Ethnocentrism centered on Africa

Front 2

Ascribed Status

Back 2

Status ascribed by birth

Front 3

Categoric knowing

Back 3

The classification of others on the basis of limited information obtained visually and perhaps verbally (Swede asks for tea, therefore all Swedes dislike coffee)

Front 4

Conflict theory

Back 4

The Marxist-influenced theory that society is continually engaged in tension and clash as different groups compete for limited resources.

Front 5

Cultural relativism

Back 5

The evaluation of beliefs and behavior in contect of that culture (Aztecs cutting out and eating people's hearts was ok because that's what their culture was)

Front 6

Dillingham Flaw

Back 6

Inaccurate comparison based on simpistic categorizations and anachronistic judgements. (e.g. "today's immigrants are slower to Americanize than those of the past"

Front 7

Dominant Group

Back 7

The group with relatively more power within a society

Front 8

Emigration

Back 8

Movement of people out of a country (e.g. from Peru)

Front 9

Endogamy

Back 9

The practice of marriage within a social group

Front 10

Ethnicity

Back 10

Race and shared cultural traits. May also include national origin.

Front 11

Ethnocentrism

Back 11

A view in which one's own ethnic group is the center and other groups are scaled in reference to it.

Front 12

Eurocentrism

Back 12

Ethnocentrism centered on Europe

Front 13

False Consciousness

Back 13

holding attitudes that do not accurately reflect the objective facts of the situation

Front 14

Functionalist theory

Back 14

The theroy that various parts of society have functions that promote solidarity and mantain the stabilty of the whole.

Front 15

Ideology

Back 15

A set of generalized beliefs used to explain and justify the interests of those who hold them.

Front 16

Immigration

Back 16

Movement of people into a new country (e.g. to United States)

Front 17

ingroup

Back 17

a group to which individuals belong and feel loyal

Front 18

interactionist theory

Back 18

The theory that examines the microsocial world of personal interaction patterns in everyday life

Front 19

Latent functions

Back 19

Hidden and unexpected results (tourist visa program: visa expires, illegial aliens)

Front 20

Macrosocial theory

Back 20

A theory that focuses on society itself (functionalist theory, conflict theory)

Front 21

Manifest functions

Back 21

Obvious and intended results (tourist visa program: foreign visitors and stimulation of local economy)

Front 22

Microsocial theory

Back 22

A theory that focuses on one aspect within society (interactionist theory)

Front 23

Migration

Back 23

The movement of people into and out of a specific area. (Irish to U.S,, or U.S. blacks from the South to the North)

Front 24

Minority group

Back 24

A group of people with relatively lower status in a society. May be limited to race and ethnic origin (black), or includes any physical or cultural trait (disabled), or in view of each group's position in particular social hierarchy (Jews in Russia vs Jews in Israel)

Front 25

Outgroup

Back 25

All people who are not members of one's ingroup.

Front 26

Race

Back 26

Categorization of individuals by visible biological characteristics (e.g. black, white)

Front 27

Racism

Back 27

The belief that one race is superior to another beacuase of inherent biological conditions

Front 28

Reference group

Back 28

A group which an ingroup holds as exemplary model (immigrants who hold Americans as model of Americanization)

Front 29

Scientific method

Back 29

The method of repeated observation of empirical data to support hypothesis.

Front 30

Social construction of reality

Back 30

a process in which individuals create a background against which to understand their separate actions and interactions with others.

Front 31

Social distance

Back 31

The degree of closeness individuals prefer in interaction with members of other groups (Would accept marrying into my family, would accept as a personal friend, etc)

Front 32

Social identity theory

Back 32

The theory that an ingroup automatically assumes that their group is superior, thus raising personal value and self-image

Front 33

Symbolic interaction

Back 33

The shared symbols and definitions people use when communicating with one another (spoken language, body language, tone, expressions, etc)

Front 34

Values

Back 34

Socially shared conceptions of what is good, desireable, bad, undesirable and improper

Front 35

Acculturation

Back 35

the adaption of minority groups to the disctinctive cultural traits of the host society

Front 36

Chain migration

Back 36

The settlement of immigrants in an area already containing family or compatriates.

Front 37

Contact hypothesis

Back 37

Friendship with outgroup members corre-
sponds to lower prejudice to that group

Front 38

Convergent subcultures

Back 38

An ethnic subculture that tends toward assimilation with the dominant society

Front 39

Cultural determinism

Back 39

Transmition of cultural inadequacies that force a culture of poverty

Front 40

Cultural differentiation

Back 40

the degree and number of differences between two cultures

Front 41

Cultural diffusion

Back 41

The influence of cultures by foreign cultures

Front 42

Cultural transmission

Back 42

the passing of culture to the next generation

Front 43

Culture

Back 43

Material and nonmaterial elements shared by members of society and transmitted to the next generation

Front 44

Culture of poverty

Back 44

a disorganized and pathological lower-class culture

Front 45

Culture shock

Back 45

The jolting of assumptions through contact with an unfamiliar culture

Front 46

Economic determinism

Back 46

Structural barriers and discrimination that force a culture of poverty

Front 47

Ethclasses

Back 47

Subsocieties resulting from the intersection of stratifications of race with stratifications of social class (low-middle class white Catholics in the north, Lower-clas black Baptists in the rural south)

Front 48

Ethnic stratification

Back 48

Structured inequality of different groups with different access to social rewards s a result of their status in the social hierarchy

Front 49

Ethnic subcultures

Back 49

A smaller culture within a bigger one, with a particular ethnic center.

Front 50

Ethnogenesis

Back 50

The development of a new culture different from both the new country and country of origin.

Front 51

Internal-colonialism theory

Back 51

A concept explaining the experiences of blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans in terms of economic exploitation and rigid stratification

Front 52

Linguistic relativity

Back 52

`The specific conotation of a word within a society that conveys prejudicial meanings (black=dark, white=light)

Front 53

Marginality

Back 53

Living under stress in two cultures simultaneously

Front 54

Material culture

Back 54

All physical objects created by members of a society and the significance attached to them (cars, cell phones, clothing)

Front 55

Nonmaterial culture

Back 55

Abstract human creations and their significance in life (attitudes, beliefs, languages, lifestyles, norms)

Front 56

Norms

Back 56

A culture's rules of conduct

Front 57

occupational mobility

Back 57

The ability of individuals to improve their job position

Front 58

Paralinguistic signals

Back 58

Sounds that convey meaning but are not words (sigh, etc)

Front 59

Parallel social institutions

Back 59

The re-creation of clubs, organizations, newspapers, schools, stores, etc. of the country of origin by immigrants.

Front 60

Paternalism

Back 60

System in which the dominant group exercises absolute control over the subordinate group

Front 61

Persistent subcultures

Back 61

subcultures that resist assimilation into the dominant society

Front 62

Power-differential theory

Back 62

Theory that claims that intergroup relations depend on the relative power of the migrant group and the indigenous group

Front 63

Reputational method

Back 63

The method of asking people how they thought others compared to them

Front 64

Social class

Back 64

The designation of people's place in the stratification hierarchy.

Front 65

Social stratification

Back 65

The hierarchical ranking of the members of society based on the unequal distribution of resources, power, and prestige.

Front 66

Social structure

Back 66

the organized patterns of behavior among the basic components of a social system

Front 67

Structural assimilation

Back 67

The large-scale entrance of minorities into mainstream social organizations and institutions)

Front 68

Structural differentiation

Back 68

Differences of structural conditions

Front 69

Thomas theorem

Back 69

The theorem that states that if people define situations as real, those situations become real in their consequences. (Whites define blacks as inferior, offer fewer opportunities, which supports original definition)