Sociology: A Changing World

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accomodation

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The process in which a smaller society is able to preserve their culture after contact with a larger culture.

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acculturation

Back 2

The process in which members of a civilization incorporate norms and valves form other cultures into their own.

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age cohort

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A set of people about the same age passing through life together.

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age grade

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A set of statuses and roles based on age.

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ageism

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Prejudice based on age.

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alienation

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The feeling of being powerless to control one's own destiny.

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animism

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A form of religion in which all forms of life and all aspects of the Earth are inhabited by god or supernatural powers.

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anomie

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A state of normlessness.

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anticipatory socialization

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Prepares a person for a role he or she will mostlikely take in life.

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ascribed status

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A position that is assigned to a person at birth and cannot be changed.

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assimilation

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When a minority group is absorbed into the majority population and evenually dissapears as a distinct group.

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authority

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Power that is considered legitimate by those who exercise it and by those affected by it.

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behavorism

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A theory stating that behavior is learned and that learing occurs thru conditioning.

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bureaucracy

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A formal organizzation that has a clearly defined hierarchy with commited rules, efficency, and impersonality.

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capitalism

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A system for organizing the production of goods ans services based on markets, private properity, and the businessfirm or company.

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civilization

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A cultural complex formed by the identical major cultural features of a number of societies.

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class

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A social stratum that is defined primarily by economic criteria such as income, occupation and wealth.

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closed society

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A society in which social mobiltiy does not exist.

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closed stratification

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A systen in which there are rigid boundaries between social strata.

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community

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A set of primary and secondary groups in which the individuals carry out important life functions.

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conflict theory

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A sociological perspective that emphasizes the role of conflict and power in society.

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couterculture

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A subculture that challenges the accepted norms and values of the larger society and establishes an alternative lifestyle.

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cultural evolution

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The process by which successful cultural adaptions are passed down from one generation to the next.

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cultural lag

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The time it takes of the adapttion to take place.

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cultural relativity

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The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways in dealing with specific demands of their environment.

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culture

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The modes of thought, behavior, and production that are handed down by communicative interaction rather than genetic transmission.

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de facto segregation

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Segregation maintained by unwritten norms.

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de jure segregation

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Created by formal legel sanctions that prohibit certain group to interact with others or place limits on such interactions.

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deference

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The respect and esteem shown to an individual.

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demagogue

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A leader that uses charisma and political symbols to manipulate the public opinion.

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democracy

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A policical system in which all citizens have the right to participate in public decision making.

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deviance

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Behavior that violated the norms of a society.

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differential association

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A theory that explains deviance as a learned behavior by others that participate in such behavior.

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discrimination

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Behavior that treat people unfairly on the basis of their group membership.

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dyad

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A group consisting of two people.

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ego

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The part of the human personality that is the person's conception of himself or herself in relation to others.

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endogamy

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Marrying within one's cultural group.

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ethnic group

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a population that has a sense of group indentity based on shared ancestry and distinctive cultural patterns.

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ethnic (racial) nationalism

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The belief that one's own ethnic group constitutes a distinct people whose culture is and should be separated from a larger society.

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ethnic stratification

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The ranking of ethnic groups in a social hierarchy on the basis of each group's similarity to the dominant group.

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ethnocentrism

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The tendency to judge other cultures as inferior to one's own.

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ethnomethodology

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The study of underlying rules of behavior that guide group interaction.

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exogamy

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Marrying outside of one;s culture.

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extended family

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An individuals nuclear family plus the nuclear family of his or her blood relatives.

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family of orientaion

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The nuclear family in which a person is born and raised.

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family of procreation

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The nuclear family in which a person forms thru marriage or cohabitation.

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feral child

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a child reared outside human society.

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formal organization

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a group that has explicit set of norms, statuses, and roles that specify each memeber relationship to the others.

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frequency distribution

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a classification of data that describes how many observations fall with in each category of a variable.

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functionalism

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A socialogical perspective that focuses on the ways in which complex pattern of social structures and arrangements contributes to social order.

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gemeinschaft

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Close personal relaionships in small communities.

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gender role

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A set of behaviors considered appropritefor an individual of a particular gender.

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gender socialization

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The ways in which we learn our gender identity according to cultural norms of masculinity and femininity.

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generalized other

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A person's internalized conception of the expectations and attitudes held by society.

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genocide

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The intentional extermination of one population by a more dominant population.

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gerontology

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The study of aging and older people.

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gesellschaft

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A term used to refer to the well-organized but impersonal relationships among the members of modern societies.

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Hawthorne effect

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The unintended effect that results from the attention given to subjects in an experimental situation.

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homogamy

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The tendency to marry a person who is similar to oneself in social background.

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horticultural society

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A society whose primary means of subsistence is raising crops, which plants and cultivates, often developing an extensive system for watering the crops.

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human ecology

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A sociological perspective that emphasizes the relationships among social order, social disorganization, and the distribution of populations in time and space.

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id

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The part of the human personality from which all innate drive arise.

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identification

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The social process whereby an individual chooses role models and attempts to imitate their behavior.

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ideologies

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Systems of values and norms that the members of a society are expected to live in and act without qeuestion.

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in-group

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The social group to which an individual has a feeling of allegiance.

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interactionism

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A sociological perspective that views social order and social change as resulting from all the repeated interactions among individuals and groups.

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interest group

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An organization that attempts to influence elected and appointed officials regarding a specific issue or set of issues.

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intergenerational mobility

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A change in the social class of family memebers from one generation to the next.

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internal colonialism

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A theory of racial and ethnic inequality that suggests that some minorities are essentially colonial peoples within the larger society.

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intragenerational mobility

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A change in the social class of an individual within his or her own lifetime.