Sociology

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positivism

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scientific study of society

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law of the three stages

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Auguste Comte's view that ideas, and society as a whole, pass through three stages:the theological, where religious ideas dominate; metaphysical, where systematic thought is stressed; and positivistic, where science comes to dominate

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theological

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here thought about the world is dominated by considerations of the supernatural, religion, and God

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metaphysical

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appeals to the supernatural are replaced by philosophical thought about the essence of phenomena and by the development of mathematics, logic and other neutral thought systems

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positivistic

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science, or careful observation of empirical facts and the systematic testing of theories with facts become the dominant modes for accumulating knowledge

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basic methods thought by Comte that could be used for testing theories

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observation of social world, experimentation, comparison, historical

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experimentation

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pathologies that arise in the "body social"(deviance, crime, violence, etc) could be used to better understand what is normal or healthy in society

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ideas move through three stages-theological, metaphysical, and positivistic-at different rates for each major domain of the universe which sciences move in what order?

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astronomy and physics first, then chemistry and biology, and finally sociology emerges as last mode of thinking to enter the positivistic stage

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hierarchy of the sciences

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sciences ranked in terms of their complexity and their movement into the positivistic stage-math=bottom, top=sociology emerging from biology

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as a hard science sociology could have an engineering application which is?

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the laws of sociology could be used to reconstruct society

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basic issue of sociological analysis is study of?

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complexity-as societities evolve they become more differentiated

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differentiated

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societies reveal more types of groups, organizations, communities, social classes, subcultures, and in general, they evidence many new lines of division

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complex and differentiated societies need to be?

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integrated-there must be forces holding all of the differentiated parts of society together

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How was society to be intergrated

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three basic mechanisms-1)mutual interdependence in which different parts of society depend on each other for resources, with this coordination of diverse elements of society could be achieved, 2)centralization and concentration of power in government could serve to coordination the parts of society, 3)development of a common culture could also hold diverse members and groups in society together because believe in same things and see world in common light

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Harriet Martineau

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translated and condensed Comte's large Course of Positive Philosophy into English in 1853, mos-read intellectual of her time

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Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy

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All realms of universe understood with common set of "1st principles"-realms-ethics, physics, biology, psychology, and sociology

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superorganic realm

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study of patterns of relations among organisms

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How did Harriet Martineau view the world as composed of?

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cultural values, beliefs, and norms(morals) that proscribed and directed individual behavior and provided guidance for associates among individuals(manners)

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Martineau believed society should be treated as?

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"thing" just like any other object in the universe; it becomes possible to engage in scientific study

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The Englightment

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thinkers concerned about natural rights of humans in face of oppressive political regimes

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Englightenment fuled by?

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federal states being broken up; market relations increasing, urbanization accelerating, skepticism about religious view of world challenged church dogma, more medical practice explorations, industrialization

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Adam smith's famous idea?
French Idea?

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markets operating in terms of "law of supply and demand" create interdependencies that bind people together through invisible hand of order
2)common culture maintain system of "moral sentiments enabling people to cooperate because had common world view and values

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the key functions that become distinguished along three lines when societies become more complex

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the operative(reproduction and production), the distributive(the movement of materials and information), and the regulatory(the concentration of power to control and coordinate)

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functionalism

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approach to the analysis of phenomena in terms of their consequences for the needs or requisite of the larger social whole in which they are located. This approach was first used in sociology by Herbert Spencer

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Spencer opposed what?

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British Colonialism and war making

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Durkheim advocated?

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the search for sociological laws, echoing Montesquieu's, Comte's, Spencer's, and Martineau's view that society can be studied as a thing.
she argued for a sociology that could be used to build a better society

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Durkeim's approach?

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functional, arguing that sociological explanations must seek to discover how an element of the social world fulfills a need of society-the need to integrate members of society into a coherent whole

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collective conscience

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Emile Durkheim's term for systems of cultural symbols that people in a society share and use to regulate their affairs

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Means of producation

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Karl Marx's term for the nature and organization of the economy in a society

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substructure

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Karl Marx;s label for the material, economic base that influences other aspects of a society

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superstructure

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Karl Marx's term for those structures and cultural systems determined by the economic base of a society

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conflict theory

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all patterns of social organization reveal conflict-producing inequalities, where those who own or control resources can consolidate power and develop legitimating ideologies to maintain their privilege and where those without resources eventually become oriented to conflict with the more privileged

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conflict of interest

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Karl Marx's term for the basic tension and incompatibility of goals between those who control resources and those who do not

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critical theorists

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wish to intervene in the social world as activists

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value-free

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objective and neutral on moral matters

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Mead drew from which sociologists

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Charles Horton Cooley and William James, and pragmatism(emphasizing that the basic force of life is adjustment and adaptation

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role-take

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take on the role of the other, able to anticipate other's repsonses

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symbolic interactionism

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approach to the analysis of social phenomena, inspired by early American philosophers and sociologists, that stresses the importance of understanding the dynamics of face-to-face contact and interaction among individuals

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practice

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use of sociological concepts and theories to reconstruct social arrangements

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Jane Adams argued

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the understanding of society and the person come only from knowledge about how these sites are organized, how they related to each other, and how they constrain the individuals who move through them