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75 Cards in this Set
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sociology
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the systematic study of human society
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sociolgoical perspective
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the special point of view of sociology that sees general patterens of society in the lives of particular people
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global perspective
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the study of the larger world and our society's place in it
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high income countries
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the nations with the highests overall standard of living
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low income countries
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nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
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positivism
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a way of understanding based on science, society operates to certain laws, just as the physical world operates
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Auguste Comte's approach
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theory
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a statement of how and why specific facts are related
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theoretical approach
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basic image of society that guides thinking and research
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structual functional approach
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a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
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auguste comte, emile durkheim and herbert spencer
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social structure
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any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
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social functions
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consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
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manifest functions
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recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
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latent functions
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unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
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social dysfunction
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any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
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social conflict approach
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a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
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Karl Marx helped develop
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gender conflict approach
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a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between women and men
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feminism
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the advocacy of social equality for women and men
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race conflict approach
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a POV that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial and ethnic categories
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macro level orientation
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a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
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micro level orientation
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a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations
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symbolic interaction approach
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a framework for building theory that sees scoiety as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
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max weber and george herbert mead
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culture
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the ways of thinking, the ways of acting and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
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society
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people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
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culture shock
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personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
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symbol
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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
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language
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a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
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cultural transmission
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the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
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Sapir whorf thesis
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idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
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values
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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
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beliefs
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specific statements that people hold to be true
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norms
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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behaviors of its members
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mores
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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
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folkways
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norms for routine or casual interaction
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technology
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knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surrounding
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hunting and gathering
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the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
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horticulture
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the use of hand tools to raise crops
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pastoralism
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the domestication of animals
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agriculture
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large scal cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or machines
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industry
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the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
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science
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a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic obersvation
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scientific sociology
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the study of society based on systematic oberservation of social behavior
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empirical evidence
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information we can verify with our senses
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concept
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a mental contruct that represents some part of the world in a simplified form
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variable
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a concept whose value changes from case to case
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measurement
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a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
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reliability
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consistency in measurement
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validity
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actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
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correlation
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a relationship in which 2 or more variables change together
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cause and effect
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a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another
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interpretive sociology
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the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world
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critical sociology
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the study of society that focuses on the need for social change
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gender
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the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
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research method
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a systematic plan for doing research
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experiment
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a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
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survey
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a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or ?s in a questionarie or an interview
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participant observation
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a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their rountine
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stereotype
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an exaggerated description applied to every person in some category
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high culture
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cultural patterns that distinguish a societys elite
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popular culture
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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
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subculture
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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a societys population
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mulitculturalism
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a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the US and promoting respect and equal standing for all cultural patterns
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Eurocentrism
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the dominance of european cultural patterns
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afrocentrism
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emphasizing and promoting african cultural patterns
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counterculture
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cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
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cultural integration
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close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
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cultural lag
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fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cutural system
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ethnocentrism
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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
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cultural relativism
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the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
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cultural universals
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traits that are part of every known culture
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What triggered the development of sociology?
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rise of industrial economy
growth of large cities new political ideas |
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Auguste Comte
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coined the term sociology to describe a new way of thinking
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Herbert Spencer
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compared society to the human body
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Robert K. Merton
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expanded our understanding of social function by pointing out that any social structure has many functions
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Harriet Martineau
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regarded as the first woman sociologist
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Max Weber
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german sociologist who emphasized understanding a particular setting from the point of view of the people in it
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