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60 Cards in this Set
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Sociology |
What is the systematic study of the ways in which people are affected by, and affect, the social structures and social processes that are associated with the groups, organizations, cultures, societies, and world in which they exist called? |
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Symbol |
A word, gesture, or object that stands in for something or someone (i.e., "Label"). |
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Class system |
A type of stratification system where social standing is determined by the ownership and control of resources and the type of work people do. * More opportunities for an achieved status * Boundaries are much less rigid-social mobility is possible |
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Caste systems |
The type of stratification system where status is determined by birth and is lifelong. *Then ascribed status * Boundaries are rigid (marriage laws common ritual Pollution) |
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Stratification |
A hierarchy of social groups based on control over resources Made up of 3 dimensions. *Social class *Social power *Status inconsistency |
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Norms |
Informal or formal rules that guide what people do and how they live * Based on values * Can be formal or informal |
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Race |
A social definition based on some real or presumed physical, biological characteristic as well as a shared lineage. * Skin color, hair texture |
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Ethnicity |
A social definition based on some real or presumed cultural characteristic. * Language, religion, traditions, cultural practices |
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Sex |
Biological distinctions between those with XX and XY chromosomes * Male or female * Can include anatomical differences (primary and secondary sex characteristics) |
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Gender |
Physical, behavioral, or personality characteristics associated with being male or female. * Masculine or feminine |
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Glass ceiling |
The invisible barrier that prevents women from reaching the highest levels in male-dominated fields |
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Family of procreation |
The family created when a couple has children |
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Blended family |
A family whose members were once part of other families |
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Ritual |
A set of regularly repeated, prescribed, and traditional behaviors that serve to symbolize some value or belief. * Barmitzvah, 1st day of school, liminal phase (in-between), |
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Collective behavior |
Action that is generated, or engaged in, by a group of people. |
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Ideology |
A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. |
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Values |
General and abstract standards defining what a group as a whole considers good, desirable, right, or important. |
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Social mobility |
The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. |
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Structural mobility |
A kind of vertical mobility which is brought about by changes in stratification hierarchy itself. It is a vertical movement of a specific group, class or occupation relative to others in the stratification system. |
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Ethnocentrism |
The practice of judging all other cultures by the standards of one's own culture |
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Social institution |
A part of the social structure that is meant to help society meet a basic social need |
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Prejudice |
An evaluation of someone based on faulty generalizations about members of a social group |
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Gender roles |
The behavior society expects for men and women |
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Gender markers |
Symbols and signs that identify a person's gender |
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Patriarchy |
Men fill the more prestigious and powerful positions in many societies * a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. |
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Family of orientation |
The family in which an individual grows up |
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Marriage |
The legal union of 2 people allowing them to live together and to have children (by birth or adoption) |
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Secularization |
The process through which the influence of a religion is removed from institutions in society and dispersed into private/personal realms. * Declining significance of religion |
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Demography |
Scientific study of population * Growth and decline as well as movement of people |
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Socialization |
The lifelong process by which a person learns and (generally) comes to accept the ways of a group or society |
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Manifest functions |
Intended actions and consequences meant to help some part of the system and keep it in balance |
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Latent functions |
Unintended consequences of actions that help the system adjust |
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Ascribed status |
A status assigned to people whether they want it or not * Cannot be changed through individual effort * ex: race, sex, age |
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Achieved status |
Obtained on the basis of what people accomplish or the nature of their capacities * Can be changed through individual effort * ex: Education, income |
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Absolute poverty |
Poverty based on an inability to maintain a certain standard of living * This is the standard used by the US government to determine eligibility for social welfare programs |
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Relative poverty |
Poverty determined by comparison with others in their community * Depends on the lifestyles of others |
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Discrimination |
Unfair or harmful treatment of a person or group |
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Primary deviance |
Initial act of rule-breaking |
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Secondary deviance |
A person who has been labeled as deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior |
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Nuclear family |
Parents and their children * Live apart from other relatives |
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Carrying capacity |
In upper-size limit that is imposed on a population by its environmental resources in that cannot be permanently exceeded * If exceeded humans are depleting or destroying resources at a faster rate than they are being replaced |
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Sacred |
That which is of "ultimate concern"-inspires awe, reverence, respect, fear, etc. |
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Profane (things) |
Aspects of life that are everyday, ordinary, mundane |
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Meritocracy |
Government or the holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability. *a ruling or influential class of educated or skilled people. |
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Social movement |
A type of group action. They are large, sometimes informal, groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political or social issues. In other words, they carry out, resist, or undo a social change. * Mobs, crowds, riots, panics, fads, fashions, public opinion, disasters |
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1. Symbolic interactionism looks at individual and group meaning-making, focusing on human action instead of large-scale social structures. * Symbolic interactionist believe (social class) that the beliefs and actions of people reflect their class location in society. ( Gender) Language is a symbolic system many beliefs, values, etc. are expressed in different language forms such as "he," "his," and "man" ( Education) Study communication, interaction, and education practices in the classroom. Teachers label students, tell students they will fail, students believe it in a self-fulfilling prophecy. ( Family) Looks at how family influences the individual self-concept and self-identity such as role of husband, wife, mother, father 2. Conflict theory sees society as a dynamic entity constantly undergoing change as a result of competition over scar's resources. * Conflict theorists believe (social class) that Whenever a group gains power, they set up society for their own benefit taking from those below them, staying in power. (Gender) Sex roles serve as a mechanism for one group to dominate the other such as the struggle for scarce resources jobs, and prestige. ( Education) The education system tends to help those on top and to adversely affect those toward the bottom. ( Family) The view of the family is idealized and inadequate. The family is a source of stress, strain, and conflict. Conflicts of gender and age. Men are dominant 3. The functionalists perspective attempts to explain social institutions as collective means to meet individual and social needs * Structural-functionalists believe (social class) that important positions must be filled by more qualified people to motivate the qualified, society must offer them rewards. ( Gender) Men are stronger and unable to have children, so it makes sense to send them off to war, hunting, etc. Women are limited by pregnancy, considered better suited for tasks like gathering, cooking, etc. ( Education) Education provides individuals with training for their place in society (milieu) that a person will occupy in life. (Family) Family contributes to the stability of society and to the well-being of individuals. |
What are the major points of each of the 3 frameworks of sociological theory (symbolic interactionism, conflict theory and functionalism)? How do these 3 perspectives of view each of the topics we've covered (such as social class, gender, education, or the family)? |
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Qualitative methods are designed to obtain deep subjective understanding, interpretation, and meaning of social behavior. EX: research done through observation and open-ended interviews that produce in-depth descriptive information in respondents own words. Quantitative methods rely heavily on statistical and mathematical techniques to produce numerical results. EX: Research done through surveys, and experiments. The relationship between validity and reliability is that having both a measure of high validity and High reliability, yields consistent results in repeated application and it accurately reflects what social research hopes to represent |
What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research methods? What are some examples of each type? What is the relationship between validity and reliability in social research? |
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Situation: people act on the basis of their beliefs and perceptions about situations. This is related to the social construction of reality because society is constructed out of the beliefs (norms) of the population. Race, gender, and deviance is socially constructed do to the belief system a.k.a. the "situation". The majority of a population tends to put their beliefs in the general consensus of the belief of the society in which they reside. So if that society has certain beliefs about the ideas of certain races genders or perceptions of deviance the rest of society will follow suit in those beliefs. Therefore these things are created by the belief system created by man |
What is the definition of the situation? how is this related to the social construction of reality? what does it mean to say that race (or gender, or deviance, etc.) is socially constructed? |
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Parents, Teachers, Peers. Your parents teach you right from wrong good from bad and the basic necessities to operate society. Teachers teach you how to read and write and set you up to get ready for the workforce. They also help you with your socialization skills. Peers to help you to understand where you fit in society as well as how to socialize and make friends. They help you to get involved with extra curricular activities. |
Who are some different agents of socialization? How do they operate? |
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Deviance refers to a violation of cultural norms; action, belief, or characteristic Crime involves norms that have been codified (written into law) and are enforced by some institutional authority. Strain theory believes strain comes from a mismatch between the goals that society says we ought to strive for and the socially approved means of attaining those goals * Use deviance to manage the strain Control theory instead of asking what drives some people to commit crime, they asked why most people do not commit crime * The probability of deviant behavior increases when a person's bonds to society are weakened or broken Conflict theory the laws of society reflect the interest of the powerful, and anyone who threatens the powerful is defined as deviant ("outlaw," "radical") * Less powerful groups (minorities, the poor, women) routinely disadvantaged Labeling theory focuses on the effect and significance of labels (names, reputations) * Can depend on who does the labeling, how the label is applied, and how the label person reacts Differential Association people learn to be deviant. People develop deviant lifestyles * Priority-the earlier in life that one is exposed to deviant attitudes, the greater the chance the individual will learn and internalize those attitudes. * Intensity-the more often one associates with deviance, the greater the chance individual will develop deviant attitudes and skills. |
What is the difference between deviance and crime? How do each of the 5 theories discussed in class (strain theory, control theory, conflict theory, labeling theory, and differential Association) explain or predict deviant behavior? |
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1 social class 2 social status 3 social power |
What 3 elements make up a person's position in the stratification system |
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Culture of povery : beliefs, values, attitudes, norms, etc. that may emerge among the long-term poor to help them adapt to their circumstances This causes people to remain in poverty by programming them to believe that they're powerless, they are forced to spend money as soon as they get it, and they have ideas and beliefs that devalues education |
What is the culture of poverty? How does it cause people to remain in poverty? |
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Prejudice: an evaluation of someone based on faulty generalizations about members of a social group * Belief or attitude Discrimination: unfair or harmful treatment of a person or group * Action or behavior |
What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination? |
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The video helps illustrate the difference between sex and gender by showing females denying their identity taking a vow of celibacy and taking on men's roles. Because of the women doing this it shows that gender is socially constructed. It shows that gender is a choice, reaffirming that gender it's just an idea created by man. The idea that a woman needs to dress a certain way and act a certain way to be considered a woman is socially constructed. It's a belief system that was created long ago as a norm yet has been changing more and more as each year passes |
How does the video about Albania's sworn virgins help illustrate the difference between sex and gender? How does it illustrate the idea that gender is socially constructed? |
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Reasons for broad changes in marriage is because of things such as *deinstitutionalization-social norms relating to marriage have weakened. * Institutional marriage gave way to a more companionate view of marriage, which has since evolved into an individualized focus on marriage. (Self-disclosing intimacy) * Pure relationship": one that is entered into for what each partner can get out of it, and those involved remain in it only as long as each derives enough satisfaction from it (pure) (rational
Cohabitation, single-parent families, step-and blended families. Each year about 2.2 million marriages are performed and 1.1 million divorces are granted. But these numbers have nothing to do with each other! We have to compare the numbers of divorces with the total number of all marriages in any given year. Therefore the US divorce rate being 50% is false |
State the reasons for broad changes in marriage and the family in our culture. Why is the commonly-cited statistic, "the divorce rate is 50%," wrong? |
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1. Beliefs- Sacred-that which is of ultimate concern-inspires our, reverence, respect, fear, etc. -Profane (things) aspects of life that are everyday, ordinary, mundane 2. Rituals- A set of regularly repeated, prescribed, and traditional behaviors that serve to symbolize some value or belief 3. Moral communities(Religious experiences)- Civil religion-beliefs, practices, and symbols are sacred ex: american flag Secularization-The process through which the influence of religion is removed from institutions in society and dispersed into private/personal realms * Declining significance of religion |
What are the 3 components of religion? How does each operate? |
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* The education system tends to help those on top and to adversely affect those toward the bottom. * Students with dominant cultural values are rewarded by the education system a form of cultural capital. * Tracking: the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria |
What factors affect any quality in education |
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Demographic transition: changing patterns of birth and death rates brought about by industrialization * Death rates fall 1st due to improvements in lifestyle * Birth rates remain high due to cultural factors (pressure to have large families, etc.) * Later on into industrialization (USA), birth rates begin to fall (death rate still declines as well) medicine is more effective, cultural values regarding family size change, increased education, urbanization |
What is demographic transition? How does it operate, and what are its effects? |
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Crowds: temporary gathering of a relatively large number of people in a common geographic location and during a given period Mass behavior: collective behavior that takes place when people (who may not be in the same geographical space) respond to the same event in the same way Riots: temporary unruly collective behavior that causes damage to persons or property Disasters: events that suddenly, unexpectedly, and severely disrupt and harm the environment, the social structure, people, and their property Emergent norm theory -new norms are developed to guide the often nontraditional actions that characterize collective behavior -crowds develop their own definition of the situation *collective behavior is not irrational or random; it is guided by the new norms that develop in a new situation Value-added theory -certain conditions are necessary for collective behavior -each additional condition increases the likelihood Contagion theory -crowd takes on' a life of its own' that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any person -role of anonymity (decline of personal responsibility) *circular reaction-an emotion is communicated to another person, who reflects that emotion back to the 1st person |
Define and list the various types of collective behavior (crowds, mass behavior, riots, and disasters) and relate to emergent norm theory, value-added theory, and/or contagion theory. |
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Emergence of social movements happens when there is an existence of a grievance of some kind. Then a political opportunity structure occurs where people can gain contacts make goals strategies and tactics.Then mobilization occurs when the contacts/members start using material, organizational, human, moral, and cultural, resources to use to help the movement succeed. The movements impact has its greatest effects when the members size grows to a point that societies is forced to recognize the issue that has been brought about. Once enough people side with the movement it ends with a result of social change being brought about. |
Explain the emergence, mobilization, and impact of social movements, including resource mobilization theory, relative deprivation theory, political opportunity theory, and/or social constructionist theory. |
