Social Psychology Final

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social psychology

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the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

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big ideas of social psych (8)

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we construct our social reality, our social institutions are powerful and sometimes perilous, attitudes shape and are shaped by behavior, social influences shape our behavior, dispositions shape our behavior, social behavior is also biological behavior, and feelings and actions toward people are sometimes negative and sometimes positive

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social neuroscience

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an integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors

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4 central themes of social psych

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1.) how we construe our social worlds 2) how our social institutions guide and sometimes deceive us
3.) How our social behavior is shaped by other people, by our attitudes and personality, and by our biology
4.) How social psych's theories apply to our everyday lives and to other fields of study

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culture

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the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

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social representations

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socially shared beliefs - widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. THey help us make sense of our world

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we find it easier to rely on stereotypes when we are...

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pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused, and too young to appreciate diversity

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outgroup homogeneity effect

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we perceive outgroup members are more similar to each other than are ingroup members - they are more alike, we are more diverse

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own race bias

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the tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

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stigma consciousness

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a person's expectation of being victimized by prejudice or discrimination

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group serving bias

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explaining away outgroup members positive behaviors, also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)

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just world phenomenon

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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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subtyping

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accommodating individuals that deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as exceptions to the rule

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subgrouping

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accommodating individuals who deviate from their stereotype by creating a new stereotype for hteir group

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stereotype threat

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a disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. unlike self fulfilling rophecies that hammer one's reputation into one's self concept, stereotype threat situations have immediate effects.

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aggression

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physical or verbal behavior intended to cause harm

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hostile aggression

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aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself

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instrumental aggression

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aggression that is a means to some other end

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instinctive behavior

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an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species

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influences to aggression:

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neural (the brain), genetic (varies depending on person) biochemical (alcohol, testosterone, low seratonin, biology and behavior interaction) responses to frustration

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frustration-aggression theory

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the theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress

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frustration

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the blocking of a goal-directed behavior

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displacement

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the redirection of one's aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally the new target is a safer and more socially acceptable target

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relative deprivation

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the perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself

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social learning theory

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the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished

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three broad theories of aggression:

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instinct (Freud and Lorenz, aggressive energy will accumulate within like a dam), frustration (given aggressive cues, anger can provoke it) and social learning (aggression as learned behavior)

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aversive incidents that contribute to aggression

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pain, heat, attacks (verbal or physical) and arousal, aggression cues, media influences (porn and sexual violence esp, lead to distorted perceptions of sexual reality and aggression against women)

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catharsis

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emotional release. This view of aggresion is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggresive energy, either by acting aggressively or fantasizing aggression

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prosocial behavior

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positive, constructive, helpful social behavior, the opposite of antisocial behavior

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social scripts

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culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations

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viewing violence...

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alters perceptions of reality, increases aggressive behavior, and desensitizes viewers to aggression.

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lots of aggression is committed by groups because....

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groups diffuse responsibility and polarize actions, and amplify aggressive reactions

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aggressions can be reduced through:

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catharsis (way to vent anger- however tends to breed more aggression not reduce it) social learning approach (if aggression is learned it can be unlearned by supporting non-aggressive behavior and ignoring aggressive behavior - counteracting factors that provoke aggression)

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need to belong

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a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions

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proximity

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geographical nearness. Proximity powerfully predicts liking

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what leads to friendship and attraction?

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Proximity (interaction, anticipation of interaction, mere exposure), Physical attractiveness (attractiveness and dating, the matching phenomenon, physical attractiveness stereotype)

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the matching phenomenon

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the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits, people who are similar to them

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physical attractiveness stereotype

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the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good

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the matching phenomenon

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the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits, people who are similar to them

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physical attractiveness stereotype

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the presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good

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complementarity

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the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship, for each person to complete what's missing in the other

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ingratiation

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the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor

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reward theory of attraction

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the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whome we associate with rewarding events

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two-factor theory of emotion

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arousal x its label = emotion

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passionate love

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a state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in each other, feel ecstatic at attaining their partner's love, are are disconsolate upon losing it

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companionate love

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the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined - can last a lifetime

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secure attachment

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attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

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preoccupied attachment

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attachments marked by a sense of one's own unworthiness and anxiety, ambivalence, and possessiveness

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dismissive attachment

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an avoidant relationship style marked by distrust of others

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fearful attachment

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an avoidant relationship style marked by fear of rejection

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equity

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a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it.

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self disclosure

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reveealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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disclosure reciprocity

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the tendency for one person's intimacy ofo self disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

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social exchange theory

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the theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs

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egoism

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a motive (supposedly underlying all behavior) to increase one's own welfare. the opposite of altruism, which aims to increase another's welfare

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reciprocity norm

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an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

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social capital

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the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network

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social responsibilty norm

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an expectation that people will help those needing help

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kin selection

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the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes

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empathy

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the vicarious experience of another's feelings, putting oneself in another's shoes

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bystander effect

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the finding that a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

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door-in-the-face technique

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a strategy for gaining a concession, where after someone first turns down a large request (door in the face) the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request

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moral exclusion

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the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. moral inclusion is regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern.

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overjustification effect

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the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing. they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing

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conflict

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a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

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peace

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a condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships

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social trap

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a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

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tragedy of the commons

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the "commons" is any shared resource, like air, water, etc. the tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse

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non-zero-sum games

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games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. with cooperation, both can win, with competition both can lose

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mirror image perceptions

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reciprocal views of each other often held by parties in conflict, for example eacah may view itself as moral and peace loving and the other as evil and aggressive

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equal status contact

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contact on an equal basis. just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds bad attitudes, so do relationships between those of equal status

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subordinate goal

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a shared goal that necessitates cooperative effort; a goal that overrides people's differences from one another

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bargaining

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seeking an agreement to a coflict through direct negotiation between parties

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mediation

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an attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions

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arbitration

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resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement

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integrative agreements

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win-win agreements that reconcile both parties interests to their mutual benefit

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GRIT

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acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction" a strategy designed to deescalate international tensions

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adaptation level phenomenon

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the tendency to adapt to a given level of stimulation and thus to notice and react to changes from that level

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social comparison

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evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others

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self esteem

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a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth

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self efficacy

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a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self esteem, one's sense of self worth.

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self serving bias

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the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

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egocentric bias

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over inflate your own performance

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and over estimate dispositional influences upon others behavior

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self esteem

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a person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth

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self efficacy

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a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self esteem, one's sense of self worth.

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self serving bias

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the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

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egocentric bias

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over inflate your own performance

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and over estimate dispositional influences upon others behavior (when making assumptions about others it's their fault, when it's us we look at the situation)

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availability heuristic

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a cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. if instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.

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heuristic

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thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

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representativeness heuristic

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the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

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cognitive dissonance

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tension that arrises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. for example dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another

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informational influence

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conformity occurring hen people accept evidence about reality provided by other people

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normative influence

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conformity based on a person's desire to fulfull others expectations, often to get acceptance

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implicit

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automatic

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explicit

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conscious